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Bioscience > Organ and Tissue Differentiation > Flashcards

Organ and Tissue Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

Cut edge of amnion

A

Outer membrane when looking at embryo at ‘insect’ stage

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2
Q

Buccopharyngeal membrane

A

Ectoderm and endoderm are in direct contact with each other forming a thin membrane
Forms septum between primitive mouth and pharynx

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3
Q

Neural plate

A

Derived from ectoderm
Serves as basis for nervous system
Opposite primitive streak

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4
Q

Somites

A

Bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form along the head/tail axis is segmented animals
Each somite has 4 areas

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5
Q

Neural fold

A

Folds on each side of neural plate

During neurulation the folds will fuse with the fold on the opposite side of the embryo and give rise to the neural tube

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6
Q

Neural groove

A

Shallow groove between neural folds on neural plate

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7
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

Ectoderm and endoderm are in direct contact with each other

Forms openings of anus, urinary tract and reproductive tract

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8
Q

Neural ectoderm

A

Forms nervous system structures (neural tube on inside)

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9
Q

Non-neural ectoderm

A

Forms epidermis (outside)

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10
Q

Neural tube

A

Hollow structure formed by several layers of ectodermal cells called neural crest

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11
Q

Notochord

A

Axial mesoderm
Formed by mesodermal cells migrating from primitive node towards head end to make hollow tube of cells
This hollow tube eventually becomes solid cylinder called notochord

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12
Q

Neural crest

A

Formed from neural folds fusing together to make the neural tube
Some ectodermal cells from neural tube form several layers of cells called neural crest

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13
Q

4 sections of somite

A

Dermatome - dorsal
Myotome - dorsal
Syndetome - ventral
Sclerotome - ventral

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14
Q

Dermatome

A

Dorsal
Gives rise to dermis
Contribute to skin, fat and connective tissue in neck and trunk

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15
Q

Myotome

A

Dorsal

Forms muscles

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16
Q

Syndetome

A

Ventral

Tendon progenitor cells

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17
Q

Sclerotome

A

Ventral

Forms vertebrae and ribs

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18
Q

Induction

A

A tissue stimulates the development and specialisation of an adjacent unspecialised tissue by producing chemical substance to influence responding tissue

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19
Q

Ectoderm/endoderm contact membranes

A

Buccopharyngeal (oropharyngeal) - connects mouth to pharynx and GI tract in week 4
Cloacal - forms openings of anus, urinary tract and reproductive tract in week 7

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20
Q

Notochord induction

A

Induces mesoderm cells to develop into vertebral bodies

Forms nucleus pulposus of invertebral discs

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21
Q

Allantois

A

Sac that helps with gas exchange and liquid waste
Formed by caudal wall of the yolk sac
Small and vascularised

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22
Q

Neurulation

A

1) Notochord induces ectodermal cells to form neural plate
2) Edges of neural plate become elevated and form neural folds
3) Neural folds come together and fuse to form neural tube
4) Some neural tube cells form several layers called the neural crest
5) Head end of neural tube forms 3 enlarged areas called primary brain vesicles

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23
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

24
Q

Prosencephalon secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

25
Q

Rhombencephalon secondary vesicles

A

Metencephalon

Myelenchephalon

26
Q

Organisers

A

Choreograph differentiation and signals by secreting morphogens
Tail organiser formed by primitive node
Head organiser formed by AVE

27
Q

Morphogens

A

Secreted by organisers
Bind to cell receptors
Concentration dependent
Exposure to morphogen decides cell function

28
Q

HOX genes

A

Expressed in all 3 layers but in different concentrations and of different types
Variation decides cell differentiation
Controls body plan of embryo along rostral/caudal axis
Determines body structure that will develop on a segment

29
Q

Somitogenesis

A

Forms somitomeres
Mesoderm adjacent to notochord and neural tube forms paired longitudinal columns of paraxial mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm forms somite pairs

30
Q

Telencephalon brain parts

A

Cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia

31
Q

Mesencephalon brain parts

A

Tectum

Cerebral penducle

32
Q

Metencephalon brain parts

A

Pons

Cerebellum

33
Q

Diencephalon brain parts

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

34
Q

Myelencephalon brain parts

A

Medulla

35
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A

Series of outpouches on the developing pharynx which give rise to many structures in the embryo
Ectoderm on outside, mesoderm in middle, endoderm on inside

36
Q

Aortic arches

A

Vascular structures that give rise to the great arteries of the neck and head
Formed sequentially within the pharyngeal arches

37
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1

A

Mastication
Jaw cartilage
Mandible and maxilla
From ectodermal neural crest

38
Q

Trigeminal ganglion

A

Sensory nerve cell cluster of the trigeminal nerve

39
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor control such as chewing and biting

40
Q

Failure to close rostral neuropore

A

Fatal anencephaly

41
Q

Failure to close caudal neuropore

A

Spina bifida

42
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Give rise to PNS at spinal cord by producing sensory and gut neurons
Produce adrenal cells and melanocytes
Give rise to cartilage, bones and muscles at head

43
Q

Transverse folding

A

Folding along transverse axis of embryo
Head and tail move down
Endoderm moves towards middle
Tubes with blind ends form to become the gut
Lateral edges move down and meet along the middle
Embryo has been transformed into a tube

44
Q

Longitudinal bending

A

Flat disc of trilaminar embryo bends along rostral/caudal axis
Transformed into inverted C shape

45
Q

Heart development

A

Cells that give rise to heart are found as two patches near rostral end of primitive streak
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Bulbis cordis and sinus venous

46
Q

Heart looping

A

Tube folds so primitive ventricle moves towards tail and primitive atrium moves towards head

47
Q

Primitive atrium

A

Left and right atrium

48
Q

Primitive ventricle

A

Left and right ventricle

49
Q

3 circuits for embryonic circulation

A

Intra-embryonic circuit for embryo tissues
Vitelline circuit for nutrient gathering
Allantois for nitrogenous waste

50
Q

Describe the path of blood circulation

A 
Dorsal aorta
Aortic arches
Embryo
Vitelline arteries
Yolk sac
Umbilical vein
Embryo
Umbilical artery
Placenta
51
Q

Components in intra-embryonic circulation

A

Anterior cardinal vein
Dorsal aorta
Aortic arches
Posterior cardinal vein

52
Q

Components in vitelline circulation

A

Vitelline vein
Vitelline artery
Vitelline capillaries

53
Q

Components in placental circulation

A

Placental capillaries
Umbilical artery
Umbilical vein

54
Q

Placenta formation

A

From chorion and decidua basalis

55
Q

Components of circulatory system that are poorly oxygenated

A

Anterior cardinal vein
Posterior cardinal vein
Vitelline vein
Vitelline capillaries

56
Q

Components of circulatory system that are well oxygenated

A

Umbilical vein

57
Q

Components of circulatory system that have mixed oxygenation

A 
Dorsal aorta
Heart
Aortic arches
Umbilical artery
Vitelline artery
Placental capillaries

Bioscience (10 decks)

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