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Bioscience > Cell Structure and Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Five survival needs for the human body

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
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2
Q

Eight functions necessary to maintain life

A 
Maintenance of boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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3
Q

The Cell Theory

A

A cell is a highly organised compartment bound by a plasma membrane that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution.
All organisms are made of cells which come from pre-existing cells.
The total function of all the cells in the body reflects the total function of the body.

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4
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Double phospholipid layer with a fluid mosaic model
Forms a cellular boundary
Selective permeability
Integral proteins add functions that allow cells to deal with the environment and each other

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5
Q

Phospholipids

A

Hydrophilic heads towards the edges

Hydrophobic tails towards the middle and each other

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6
Q

3 types of integral membrane proteins

A

Transmembrane
Peripheral
Glycoprotein

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7
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Span entire membrane
Contact both cytosol and extracellular fluid
Amphipathic

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8
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Attached to polar heads of phospholipids or other integral proteins
Not fully embedded in the membrane

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9
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrate groups attached to protein body
Protein body protrudes into extracellular fluid
Carbohydrate portion form sugary coats called glycocalyx

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10
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Molecular signature so cells can recognise each other

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11
Q

6 functions of plasma membrane

A 
Transport
Enzymatic
Signal transduction
Recognition
Intercellular joining
Cytoskeleton and ECM attachment
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12
Q

Nucleus description

A 
Nuclear envelope - lipid bilayer
Lined by nuclear lamina which contains fibrous proteins
Contains rough ER
Nuclear pores for transport
Contains nucleolus 
Houses DNA
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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA production

Assembles ribosome subunits

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14
Q

DNA

A

Wrapped twice around group of histones to form nucleosomes known as chromatin
Condenses to chromatin fibres
Phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + phosphate base
Phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Extensive network of tubes and tubules stretching out from nuclear membrane
Rough ER - processing, sorting and packaging of secreted proteins produced by ribosomes
Smooth ER - lipid and carbohydrate production, houses tissue specific proteins and can store detoxifying substances

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16
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Made up of cisternae - flattened membraneous sacs stacked on top of each other and curved into a C shape
Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins from rough ER
Proteins move between sacs being modified and sorted differently at each one
Entry at cis, packaged at trans

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17
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicles formed by GA
Contain lysosomal enzymes which function using protons pumped into the cell
Used to digest parts of cell, ECM and cell itself

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18
Q

Autophagy

A

Cell compartment digestion by lysosomes

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19
Q

Autolysis

A

Entire cell digestion by lysosomes

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane - protection
Inner mitocondrial membrane - cristae folds increase surface area for more respiration
Matrix - fluid filled interior cavity
Cellular respiration to . produce ATP

21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Consists of fibres and filaments that maintain size, shape and integrity of cell
Cell scaffold for intracellular transport and cell movement
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

22
Q

Cytoskeleton microfilament

A

Actin

Used for anchoring

23
Q

Cytoskeleton intermediate filaments

A

Keratin and Cadherin

Used for scaffolding

24
Q

Cytoskeleton microtubule

A

Tubulin

Transport and support

25
Q

Cellular respiration definition

A

The transferring of energy between complex and simple molecules mediated by ATP

26
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breakdown of complex molecules such as glycogen, proteins etc. into simple molecules such as glucose and glycerol
Energy is transferred from the complex molecule to the simple molecule by ADP - ATP conversion
Energy is stored

27
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Build up of complex molecules such as glycogen, proteins etc. from simple molecules such as glucose and glycerol
Energy is transferred from the simple molecule to the simple complex by ATP losing 1 phosphate group to become ADP
Energy is used

28
Q

Proteins break down into…

A

Amino acids

29
Q

Fats break down into…

A

Simple fats

30
Q

Carbohydrates break down into…

A

Simple sugars

31
Q

Describe the breakdown of organic molecules in food

A

Organic molecule in food enters animal body
The molecule is digested and absorbed - heat is released
Nutrients endocytosed into cells - fecal waste is excreted
Molecule used by mitochondria to perform cellular respiration - heat is released and ATP is formed
ATP is used for cellular work and biosynthesis - heat is realeased

32
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar used for ATP genesis

33
Q

Glycogen

A

Main storage form of glucose in the body

34
Q

Glucagon

A

Peptide hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells

35
Q

Insulin

A

Peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells

36
Q

3 effects of glucagon

A

Increased glycogen breakdown
Increased fat breakdown
Increased glucose synthesis

37
Q

5 effects of insulin

A 
Increased glucose transport
Increased glucose utilisation
Increased glycogen synthesis
Increased protein synthesis
Increased triglyceride synthesis
38
Q

Describe homeostasis when blood glucose rises

A

Homeostasis is disturbed and acts to decrease the blood glucose level
Pancreas beta cells secrete insulin
Insulin increases trasnport and utilisation of glucose
Glucose is converted to glycogen
Glucose levels and blood sugar levels decrease
Homeostasis is restored

39
Q

Describe homeostasis when blood glucose falls

A

Homeostasis is disturbed and acts to increase the blood glucose level
Pancreas alpha cells secrete glucagon
Glucagon increases glycogen breakdown into glucose
Glucose levels and blood sugar levels increase
Homeostasis is restored

40
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

1 mole of glucose is converted into 2 moles of pyruvate
Anaerobic process that occurs in cytoplasm
Net products include 2 moles ATP and 2 moles NADH

41
Q

Describe pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A
Anaerobic process that occurs in mitochondria
Net products include carbon dioxide and NADH

42
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A

1 mole acetyl coenzyme A is converted into 1 ATP, 2 carbon dioxide, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH
Aerobic process that occurs in mitochondria

43
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A

Electrons use the NADH and FADH2 accumulated throughout glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle to transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions.
Protons are pumped across a membrane which drives ATP synthesis.
Net production is 26 or 28 ATP

44
Q

Final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen which forms water and stops the ETC process

45
Q

Describe regulatory control of glucose

A

Glucose is converted into fructose-6-phosphate
AMP stimulates conversion of fructose-6-phosphate into phosphofructokinse
Phosphofructokinase is converted into fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is converted into pyruvate - ATP is released
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A
Acetyl coenzyme A starts the Krebs cycle. ATP is released and citrate is produced, which inhibits phosphofructokinase
The Krebs cycle starts the ETC which produces ATP. Pool of ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase.

46
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

Insulin dependent
Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed through automimmune, genetic or environmental factors
Body is unable to produce insulin
Cannot promote glucose uptake into cells for ATP production and storage
Affects 5-10% diabetics

47
Q

Diabetes Type 2

A

Non-insulin dependent
Body is able to produce insulin but there is an increased resistance which means the insulin receptors are dysfunctional
Affects 90-95% diabetics

48
Q

Diabetes symptoms

A 
Thirst
Urination
Hunger
Weight loss
Glycosuria and Ketonuria
Fatigue
Vision impairment
Slow healing
Gout
High infection rate

Bioscience (10 decks)

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