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Connective Tissue and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue matrix

A

Jelly like substance

Ground substance and various fibres and components

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2
Q

Matrix components

A 
Ground substance
Reticular fibre
Collagen fibre
Adipocytes
Blood vessels
Fibroblasts
Elastic fibres
Can also include mast cells, macrophages, white blood cells etc.
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3
Q

Ground substance composition

A

Polysaccharides
Glycosaminoglycans - these attach to core proteins to form proteoglycans
Water (trapped by glycosaminoglycans to make it more jelly like)

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4
Q

Matrix fibres and composition

A

Reticular fibre - collagen
Collagen fibre - collagen
Elastic fibre - elastin surrounded by fibrillin

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5
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Widely distributed in connective tissues
Migratory
Synthesises extracellular matrix and collagen
Plays a critical role in wound healing

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6
Q

Adipocytes

A 
Fat cells
Found under skin and around organs
Make up adipose tissue
Filled with a single large droplet of triglyceride
Specialised for storage of triglycerides
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7
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Also called mesenchyme and made up of mesenchymal cells
Cells in the tissue with semi-fluid ground substance and reticular fibres
Gives rise to all other types of connective tissue

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8
Q

Three types of mature connective tissue and subtypes

A

Proper: loose and dense
Fluid: blood and lymph
Supporting: cartilage and bone

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9
Q

Three types of loose connective tissue

A

Adipose
Reticular
Areolar

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10
Q

Three types of dense connective tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

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11
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Loose - many cells, fewer fibres
Three types of fibres (collagen, reticular and elastic) randomly throughout tissue
Widely distributed
Used for strength, elasticity and support

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13
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Loose - mostly adipocytes
Found with areolar CT
Used for insulation, temperature control and energy

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14
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Loose - reticular fibres and cells
Found in stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina, around blood vessels and muscles
Used to form stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filtration of worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

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15
Q

Regular connective tissue

A

Dense - many fibres, fewer cells
Regularly arranged collagen
Found in tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
Used for attachment

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16
Q

Tendon

A

Connects muscle to bone

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17
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

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18
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Connects muscle to muscle

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19
Q

Irregular connective tissue

A

Dense - collagen fibres arranged irregularly with few fibroblasts
Found in fasciae, reticular region of dermis, pericardium, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules and membrane capsules
Used for tensile strength

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20
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Dense - elastic fibres with fibroblasts between them
Found in lung tissue, artery walls, trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords and some ligaments
Used for organ stretching

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21
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen and elastic fibres
Weak, resilient gel
Collagen fibres not obvious
Found in anterior ends of ribs, naval septum, respiratory cartilage, ends of long bonds
Used for flexibility and movement

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22
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Threadlike network of elastic fibres with chondrocytes mixed in
Perichondrium is present
Found in epiglottis, external ear and auditory tubes
Used for strength, elasticity and shape

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Chondrocytes among bundles of collagen fibres
Found in pubic symphysis, invertebral discs, knee menisci, areas of tendons that insert into cartilage
Used for support, strength and rigidity

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24
Q

Bone/Osseous tissue

A

Organs composed of several different CT types including spongy and compact bone tissues

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25
Compact bone tissue
Contains osteons (Haversian systems) Consists of mineral salts and collagen for hardness and strength Calcium and phosphorous Used for protection and support
26
Spongy bone tissue
Lacks osteons, stores triglycerides | Consists of blood plasms and formed elements - red cells, white cells and platelets
27
Four types of bone cells
Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
28
Osteogenic cells
Mesenchymal stem cells that develop into osteoblasts
29
Osteoblasts
Form bone | Encase themselves in fibrous networks
30
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells derived from trapped osteoblasts Maintain bone tissue Used for nutrient/waste exchange Gap junctions link to other osteocytes
31
Osteoclasts
Formed from fusion of monocytes Used to break down bone Large + multinucleated Release calcium + phosphate
32
Osteons
Basic unit of compact bone Consists of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, Haversian/central canal Aligned along lines of stress e.g. long axis of bone shaft
33
Lamellae
Concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness Calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide = hydroxyapatite Collagen for tensile strength
34
Lacunae
Small spaces between lamellae containing osteocytes
35
Canaliculi
Minute canals containing extracellular fluid and small osteocytic processes Radiate from lacunae and provide routes for nutrients, waste and oxygen
36
Haversian canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves
37
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells | Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
38
Leukocytes
White blood cells | Combat disease
39
Types of leukocytes
``` Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils Macrophages Lymphocytes ```
40
Platelets
Fragments of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow | Involved in clotting
41
Neutrophils
Largest amount of leukocytes Phagocytic Activity and death in large numbers from degranulation results in pus Attacks microbes by being attracted by chemical signals by the body, consuming them and producing inflammation
42
Basophils
Smallest amount of leukocytes Release histamine which causes allergic reactions Short term inflammatory response Cause vasodilation and therefore inflammation
43
Lymphocytes
Can be B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells | Used for immune responses
44
Eosinophils
Parasitic infections | Inflammation in allergic reactions
45
Mast cells
Mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergy
46
Monocytes
Can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
47
Macrophages
Monocytes that have migrated out of the blood stream and into internal body tissues Destroy necrotic cell tissue and foreign material by phagocytosis Can present antigens to naive lymphocytes
48
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Mast cells
49
Mononuclear leukocytes
Monocytes Macrophages Lymphocytes Dendritic cells
50
Three types of CT fibres
Collagen Reticular Elastic
51
Collagen fibres
Strong and flexible 25% of body Made by fibroblasts Thick
52
Reticular fibres
Fine collagen bundles coated with glycoproteins Made by fibroblasts Form branching networks for support and strength Found in reticular connective tissue such as soft organ stromas and basement membranes
53
Elastic fibres
Thin Branch and join together to form fibrous networks Strength, stability and stretching Made of elastin and coated with fibrillin
54
Marfan syndrome
Hereditary dominant chromosomal disorder affecting chromosome 15 gene for fibrillin Tall and long limbed individuals, chest deformities, weak heart valves and arterial walls 1 in 20,000 live births
55
4 sulphated glycosaminoglycans
Chondroitin Dermatan Heparin Keratan
56
Chrondroitin sulphate
Support Adhesiveness Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels
57
Dermatan sulphate
Skin, blood, tendons, heart
58
Keratan sulphate
Bone, cartilage, eye cornea
59
Hyaluronic acid
Non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan Does not bind to protein backbone directly - joined to various proteoglycans Binds cells together, lubricates joints, maintains eyeball shape
60
Hyaluronidase
Hyaluronic acid lysing enzyme secreted by sperm, leukocytes and some bacteria to stop cells binding together - ground substance more watery and cells able to move through system more easily
61
Glycosaminoglycans
Unbranched polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide unit - amino sugar and uronic sugar Trap water to make ground substance more jelly like
62
Endocrine glands
Hormones enter interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into bloodstream without flowing through a duct Homeostasis
63
Exocrine glands
Secretory products released into ducts that empty onto surface of a covering or lining epithelium Thermoregulation and digestion
64
5 simple multicellular exocrine glands
``` Tubular Branched tubular Coiled tubular Acinar Branched acinar ```
65
3 compound multicellular exocrine glands
Tubular Acinar Tubuloacinar
66
Simple exocrine gland description
``` Single unbranched duct Various secretory gland shapes: tubular (straight) acinar (rounded) coiled Found mostly in the integumentary and digestive system tissues ```
67
Compound exocrine gland description
``` Branched duct Various secretory gland shapes: Tubular (straight) Acinar (rounded) Tubuloacinar (straight and rounded) Found mostly in the endocrine system tissues ```
68
Merocrine glands
Secretions synthesised by rough ER ribosomes Processed, sorted and packaged by Golgi Released from cell by exocytosis via secretory vesicles
69
Apocrine glands
Accumulate secretion at cell apical surface | Portion of cell pinches off and releases secretion into ECM
70
Holocrine glands
Accumulate secretion in cytoplasm Cell eventually ruptures and becomes secretory product containing membrane lipids New cell replaces ruptured cell

Bioscience (10 decks)

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