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Bioscience > Connective Tissue and Cells > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue matrix

A

Jelly like substance

Ground substance and various fibres and components

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2
Q

Matrix components

A 
Ground substance
Reticular fibre
Collagen fibre
Adipocytes
Blood vessels
Fibroblasts
Elastic fibres
Can also include mast cells, macrophages, white blood cells etc.
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3
Q

Ground substance composition

A

Polysaccharides
Glycosaminoglycans - these attach to core proteins to form proteoglycans
Water (trapped by glycosaminoglycans to make it more jelly like)

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4
Q

Matrix fibres and composition

A

Reticular fibre - collagen
Collagen fibre - collagen
Elastic fibre - elastin surrounded by fibrillin

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5
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Widely distributed in connective tissues
Migratory
Synthesises extracellular matrix and collagen
Plays a critical role in wound healing

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6
Q

Adipocytes

A 
Fat cells
Found under skin and around organs
Make up adipose tissue
Filled with a single large droplet of triglyceride
Specialised for storage of triglycerides
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7
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Also called mesenchyme and made up of mesenchymal cells
Cells in the tissue with semi-fluid ground substance and reticular fibres
Gives rise to all other types of connective tissue

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8
Q

Three types of mature connective tissue and subtypes

A

Proper: loose and dense
Fluid: blood and lymph
Supporting: cartilage and bone

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9
Q

Three types of loose connective tissue

A

Adipose
Reticular
Areolar

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10
Q

Three types of dense connective tissue

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

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11
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Loose - many cells, fewer fibres
Three types of fibres (collagen, reticular and elastic) randomly throughout tissue
Widely distributed
Used for strength, elasticity and support

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13
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Loose - mostly adipocytes
Found with areolar CT
Used for insulation, temperature control and energy

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14
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Loose - reticular fibres and cells
Found in stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina, around blood vessels and muscles
Used to form stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, filtration of worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

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15
Q

Regular connective tissue

A

Dense - many fibres, fewer cells
Regularly arranged collagen
Found in tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
Used for attachment

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16
Q

Tendon

A

Connects muscle to bone

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17
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

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18
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Connects muscle to muscle

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19
Q

Irregular connective tissue

A

Dense - collagen fibres arranged irregularly with few fibroblasts
Found in fasciae, reticular region of dermis, pericardium, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules and membrane capsules
Used for tensile strength

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20
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Dense - elastic fibres with fibroblasts between them
Found in lung tissue, artery walls, trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords and some ligaments
Used for organ stretching

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21
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen and elastic fibres
Weak, resilient gel
Collagen fibres not obvious
Found in anterior ends of ribs, naval septum, respiratory cartilage, ends of long bonds
Used for flexibility and movement

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22
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Threadlike network of elastic fibres with chondrocytes mixed in
Perichondrium is present
Found in epiglottis, external ear and auditory tubes
Used for strength, elasticity and shape

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Chondrocytes among bundles of collagen fibres
Found in pubic symphysis, invertebral discs, knee menisci, areas of tendons that insert into cartilage
Used for support, strength and rigidity

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24
Q

Bone/Osseous tissue

A

Organs composed of several different CT types including spongy and compact bone tissues

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25
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

Contains osteons (Haversian systems)
Consists of mineral salts and collagen for hardness and strength
Calcium and phosphorous
Used for protection and support

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26
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

Lacks osteons, stores triglycerides

Consists of blood plasms and formed elements - red cells, white cells and platelets

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27
Q

Four types of bone cells

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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28
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop into osteoblasts

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29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form bone

Encase themselves in fibrous networks

30
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells derived from trapped osteoblasts
Maintain bone tissue
Used for nutrient/waste exchange
Gap junctions link to other osteocytes

31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Formed from fusion of monocytes
Used to break down bone
Large + multinucleated
Release calcium + phosphate

32
Q

Osteons

A

Basic unit of compact bone
Consists of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, Haversian/central canal
Aligned along lines of stress e.g. long axis of bone shaft

33
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness
Calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide = hydroxyapatite
Collagen for tensile strength

34
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae containing osteocytes

35
Q

Canaliculi

A

Minute canals containing extracellular fluid and small osteocytic processes
Radiate from lacunae and provide routes for nutrients, waste and oxygen

36
Q

Haversian canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

37
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

38
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

Combat disease

39
Q

Types of leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
40
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

Involved in clotting

41
Q

Neutrophils

A

Largest amount of leukocytes
Phagocytic
Activity and death in large numbers from degranulation results in pus
Attacks microbes by being attracted by chemical signals by the body, consuming them and producing inflammation

42
Q

Basophils

A

Smallest amount of leukocytes
Release histamine which causes allergic reactions
Short term inflammatory response
Cause vasodilation and therefore inflammation

43
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Can be B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells

Used for immune responses

44
Q

Eosinophils

A

Parasitic infections

Inflammation in allergic reactions

45
Q

Mast cells

A

Mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergy

46
Q

Monocytes

A

Can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

47
Q

Macrophages

A

Monocytes that have migrated out of the blood stream and into internal body tissues
Destroy necrotic cell tissue and foreign material by phagocytosis
Can present antigens to naive lymphocytes

48
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells

49
Q

Mononuclear leukocytes

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Dendritic cells

50
Q

Three types of CT fibres

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

51
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Strong and flexible
25% of body
Made by fibroblasts
Thick

52
Q

Reticular fibres

A

Fine collagen bundles coated with glycoproteins
Made by fibroblasts
Form branching networks for support and strength
Found in reticular connective tissue such as soft organ stromas and basement membranes

53
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Thin
Branch and join together to form fibrous networks
Strength, stability and stretching
Made of elastin and coated with fibrillin

54
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Hereditary dominant chromosomal disorder affecting chromosome 15 gene for fibrillin
Tall and long limbed individuals, chest deformities, weak heart valves and arterial walls
1 in 20,000 live births

55
Q

4 sulphated glycosaminoglycans

A

Chondroitin
Dermatan
Heparin
Keratan

56
Q

Chrondroitin sulphate

A

Support
Adhesiveness
Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

57
Q

Dermatan sulphate

A

Skin, blood, tendons, heart

58
Q

Keratan sulphate

A

Bone, cartilage, eye cornea

59
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan
Does not bind to protein backbone directly - joined to various proteoglycans
Binds cells together, lubricates joints, maintains eyeball shape

60
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Hyaluronic acid lysing enzyme secreted by sperm, leukocytes and some bacteria to stop cells binding together - ground substance more watery and cells able to move through system more easily

61
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Unbranched polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide unit - amino sugar and uronic sugar
Trap water to make ground substance more jelly like

62
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hormones enter interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into bloodstream without flowing through a duct
Homeostasis

63
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretory products released into ducts that empty onto surface of a covering or lining epithelium
Thermoregulation and digestion

64
Q

5 simple multicellular exocrine glands

A 
Tubular
Branched tubular
Coiled tubular
Acinar
Branched acinar
65
Q

3 compound multicellular exocrine glands

A

Tubular
Acinar
Tubuloacinar

66
Q

Simple exocrine gland description

A 
Single unbranched duct
Various secretory gland shapes: 
tubular (straight)
acinar (rounded)
coiled 
Found mostly in the integumentary and digestive system tissues
67
Q

Compound exocrine gland description

A 
Branched duct
Various secretory gland shapes:
Tubular (straight)
Acinar (rounded)
Tubuloacinar (straight and rounded)
Found mostly in the endocrine system tissues
68
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secretions synthesised by rough ER ribosomes
Processed, sorted and packaged by Golgi
Released from cell by exocytosis via secretory vesicles

69
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretion at cell apical surface

Portion of cell pinches off and releases secretion into ECM

70
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretion in cytoplasm
Cell eventually ruptures and becomes secretory product containing membrane lipids
New cell replaces ruptured cell

Bioscience (10 decks)

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