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Body Systems and Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Eleven body systems

A 
Muscular
Urinary
Reproductive
Digestive
Endocrine
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
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2
Q

Muscular components

A

Muscles and tendons

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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3
Q

Urinary components

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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4
Q

Male reproductive components

A 
Penis
Testes
Ductus deferans
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Epididymis
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5
Q

Female reproductive components

A 
Ovary
Vagina
Uterus
Uterine tube
Mammary gland
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6
Q

Digestive components

A 
Salivary glands
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Anus
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7
Q

Endocrine components

A 
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testes/Ovaries
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8
Q

Respiratory components

A 
Pharynx
Larynx
Naval cavity
Oral cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
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9
Q

Skeletal components

A

Bone
Cartilage
Joint

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10
Q

Lymphatic/Immune components

A 
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Thymus
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessel
Red bone marrow
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11
Q

Integumentary components

A

Hair
Skin + associated glands
Fingernails
Toenails

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12
Q

Nervous components

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerve

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13
Q

Cardiovascular components

A

Blood vessels
Vein
Heart
Artery

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14
Q

Histology

A

The study of body tissues

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15
Q

Four basic tissue types

A

Muscle
Epithelial
Nervous
Connective

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16
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that function together to carry out a specialised function

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17
Q

Epithelial tissue description

A

Line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs
Separated from other tissues by a basement membrane
Contain nerves but not blood vessels
Covering and lining epithelia
Glandular epithelia

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18
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A 
Protection
Secretion
Filtration
Absorption
Excretion
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19
Q

Muscle tissue description

A

Elongated cells called muscle fibres

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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20
Q

Function of muscle tissue

A

Generates physical force required to make body structures move

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21
Q

Connective tissue description

A

Composed of fibroblasts, adipocytes and the matrix

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22
Q

Function of connective tissue

A 
Protection
Support of body + organs
Binds organs together
Stores energy as fat
Transport
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23
Q

Nervous tissue description

A

Consists of neurons and neuroglia

Neurons consist of dendrites and axons

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24
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Detects change

Generates nerve impulses

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25
Epithelial layers
Simple Stratified Pseudostratified
26
Epithelial cell shapes
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional
27
Squamous cells
Flat and thin | Diffusion
28
Cuboidal cells
About as tall as they are wide | Secretion and absorption
29
Columnar cells
More tall than wide | Secretion and absorption
30
Transitional cells
Change from flat to cuboidal | Stretching
31
Simple layers
Single layer of cells | Secretion, absorption and filtration
32
Stratified layers
Two or more layers of cells | Protection
33
Pseudostratified layers
Appears to have more than one layer of cells due to nuclei position but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane and do not all reach the apical surface meaning only one layer exists Secretion
34
Example of simple squamous epithelium
Blood vessel lining
35
Example of simple cuboidal epithelium
Kidney tubules | Ducts of glands
36
Example of simple columnar epithelium
Gastrointestinal tract from stomach to anus (non-ciliated) | Parts of the upper respiratory tract (ciliated)
37
Example of stratified squamous epithelium
Oesophagus, mouth and vagina
38
Example of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat, salivary and mammary glands
39
Example of stratified columnar epithelium
Male urethra
40
Example of pseudostratified epithelium
Trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract
41
Example of transitional epithelium
Bladder, urethra and ureters
42
Glandular epithelia description
Constitute secretory portion of glands | Consists of exocrine and endocrine glands
43
Exocrine glands
Secretes substances into ducts or onto a surface
44
Endocrine glands
Secretes substances into the blood
45
Example of exocrine gland
Sweat and salivary glands
46
Example of endocrine gland
Pituitary gland
47
Example of a gland that can be both endocrine and exocrine
Pancreas
48
Six levels of structural organisation
``` Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism ```
49
Cutaneous membrane functions
Skin - epidermis and dermis Covers surface, protects deeper tissues, vitamin D production Dermis feeds the epidermis and is responsible for strength and glands
50
Hair follicle functions
Hairs - innervation provides sensation, also used for protection Sebaceous glands - lubricated hair shaft and epidermis
51
Sweat gland functions
Thermoregulation - evaporative cooling by sweat | Breast tissue is modified sweat gland
52
Nail functions
Stiffen and protect digits
53
Sensory receptor functions
Detect sensation - touch, pressure, temperature, pain
54
Hypodermis functions
Fat stores - attaches skin to deeper layers
55
Epidermis structure
Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium
56
Dermis structure
Consists of papillary layer and reticular layer Papillary layer of areolar tissue Reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue
57
Skeletal muscle function
``` Provide skeletal movement Control entrance + exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems Produce heat Support skeleton Protect soft tissues ```
58
Axial muscle function
Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton
59
Appendicular muscle function
Supports and moves brace limbs
60
Tendon and aponeuroses function
Translate contractile forces into tasks
61
Seven components of the axial skeleton
``` Skull Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Supporting cartilage Ligaments ```
62
Axial skeleton function
Protects brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, soft tissue of the thorax Supports body weight over lower limbs
63
Appendicular skeleton function
Internal support and positioning of lower limbs | Supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
64
Red bone marrow function
Red blood cell prodcution
65
Yellow bone marrow function
Fat cell storage
66
CNS function
Control centre | Short term control over other systems
67
Brain function
Complex integrative activities | Controls voluntary and involuntary movements
68
Spinal cord function
Relays information to and from brain | Less complex integrative activities
69
PNS function
Links CNS with other systems and sense organs
70
Pineal gland function
Reproduction timing | Day/night rhythms
71
Pituitary gland function
Controls many other endocrine glands Regulates growth Regulates fluid balance
72
Thyroid gland function
Metabolic rate | Calcium levels
73
Parathyroid gland function
Calcium levels
74
Adrenal gland function
Water balance Tissue metabolism Cardiovascular and respiratory function Produces adrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone
75
Kidney function
Red blood cell production Keeps blood pressure up Calcium levels Filtration
76
Pancreas function
Glucose control | Secretes insulin and glucagon
77
Gonad function
Sexual characteristics | Reproduction
78
Lymphatic vessel function
Carry lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system Lipids from gut
79
Lymph node function
Monitor composition of lymph Defence by engulfing pathogens Stimulates immune response
80
Spleen function
Monitors circulation of blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycles red blood cells Stimulates immune response
81
Thymus function
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
82
3 salivary glands
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
83
Erythropoietin
Glycoprotein Produced by interstitial fluid in kidneys Starts erythropoiesis in bone marrow
84
Erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production Increased hemocytoblast activity causes increased RBC production which allows blood to have greater capacity for carrying oxygen
85
Transportation of urine
Ureters --> bladder Bladder --> urethra Urethra --> exterior
86
Sperm production
``` Epididymis - sperm maturation Ductus deferens - take sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory glands Seminal glands - seminal fluid Prostate gland - prostate fluid Urethra - semen to exterior ```
87
Stomach function
Secretes HCl and proteases HCl kills bacteria and allows proteases to work Proteases break down food Peristalsis (stomach contractions) churn food Left with chyme - partially digested food
88
Duodenum function
Receives bile and pancreatic juice through pancreatic duct controlled by Sphincter of Oddi
89
Jejunum function
Absorption of small nutrient particles previously digested in duodenum
90
Ileum function
Absorbs vitamin B and bile salts | Leftover digestion products from jejunum
91
Small intestine function
Digestive enzymes Buffers and hormones Main site of nutrient absorption
92
Liver function
Secretes bile | Regulates blood nutrients
93
Gallbladder
Concentrates bile
94
Large intestine function
Waste storage and removal
95
ACTH
Released from pituitary gland | Stimulates cortisol production from adrenal glands
96
FSH + LH
Work together to ensure normal functioning of gonads | Menstrual cycles
97
Prolactin
Breast milk production
98
Oxytocin
Uterus contraction | Stimulates breast milk production
99
ADH
Increases water absorption in blood via kidneys
100
GH
via GHRH | Growth at certain life stages
101
TSH
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones
102
Megakaryocyte
Platelet production - clotting cascade
103
Non-ciliated simple columnar description
Single layer No cilia Microvilli at apical surface Goblet cells
104
Non-ciliated simple columnar examples
Lining of GI tract, gland ducts and gallbladder
105
Non-ciliated simple columnar function
Secretion and absorption Secretes mucus that lines digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts and acidic gastric juices to prevent stomach lining degradation
106
Ciliated simple columnar description and function
With cilia not microvilli Cilia moves mucus and foreign particles to throat Moves ovum along uterine tube
107
Ciliated simple columnar examples
Lines bronchioles, uterine tubes and some paranasal sinuses
108
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Lines airways | Secretes mucus to trap foreign particles and sweep away for expulsion
109
Non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Lines large gland ducts, epididymis and part of male urethra | Absorption and secretion
110
Keratinised stratified squamous
Superficial skin layer for protection Cells are filled with keratin as they move to the surface of the skin and eventually die. Sleuthed off and replaced by newer cells from underneath.

Bioscience (10 decks)

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