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Bioscience > Fertilisation and Gastrulation > Flashcards

Fertilisation and Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatozoon

A

Haploid sperm cell
Prosteoglandins in semen stimulate uterine motility and aid sperm movement
Acrosome covers head of sperm

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2
Q

Ovum

A

Haploid egg cell
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
ZP3

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3
Q

Corona radiata

A

Granulosa cells that surround the secondary oocyte

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4
Q

Zona pellucida

A

GLycoprotein layer between corona radiata and oocyte membrane

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5
Q

ZP3

A

Glycoprotein in zona pellucida

Binds membrane proteins in sperm head which triggers the acrosomal reaction

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6
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

Acrosomal enzymes released from acrosome when plasma membranes fuse
Enzymes digest corona radiata and zona pellucida so the sperm can reach the oocyte

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7
Q

Capacitation

A

Series of functional changes causing sperm tail to beat more vigorously and prepare for plasma membrane fusion
Secretions in female reproductive tract cause removal of cholesterol, glycoproteins and proteins from sperm head membrane

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Occurs 24 hours after fertilisation and is completed after 6 hours
Creates the blastomere

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9
Q

Blastomere

A

Cell formed by cleavage

Loosely packed until 8 cell stage when embryo goes through compaction

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10
Q

Zygote

A

First cell after fertilisation
First diploid cell
Found at the beginning of the uterine tube

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11
Q

Morula

A

Multicellular embryo with tightly packed cells
Still surrounded by zona pellucida
Found at the end of the uterine tube

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12
Q

Blastocyst

A

Trophoblast forms on the inside of zona pellucida
Tightly packed cells become inner cell mass and are pushed to the side of the embryo to form a cavity
Zona pellucida breaks and the morula ‘hatches’ into a blastocyst

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13
Q

Blastocyst cavity

A

The cavity formed when the inner cell mass pushed to the side of the embryo in a blastocyst

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14
Q

3 models of embryonic cell differentiation

A

Mosaic
Positional
Polarity

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15
Q

Mosaic model

A

Cells differentiate randomly into inner cell mass and trophoblast and organise themselves according to the differentiation
Discredited theory

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16
Q

Positional model

A

Cells differentiate depending on whether their contact with external environment
YAP enzyme expressed in trophoblast due to less cell/cell interaction
YAP inhibited in ICM due to more cell/cell interaction

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17
Q

YAP enzyme

A

Expressed in cells with less cell/cell interaction
YAP binds and activates transcription factor Tead4
Tead4 activated only in trophoblast causing the differentiation

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18
Q

Polarity model

A

Cell differentiation based on how cells divide
Cells that divide parallel to polarisation axis will produce polarised daughter cells which stay on the outside of the cell and become trophoblast
Cells that divide perpendicular to polarisation axis produces one polarised daughter cell which becomes trophoblast and one non-polarised daughter cell which becomes ICM

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19
Q

Types of cell that trophoblast differentiates into

A

Syncytial trophoblast

Cellular trophoblast

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20
Q

Types of cel that ICM differentiates into

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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21
Q

Compaction

A

The size of the embryo does not change but cell division packs blastomeres closer and closer together due to increased cell adhesion molecule activity

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22
Q

Hypoblast

A

Primitive endoderm
Ventral side of embryo
Supportive

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23
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

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24
Q

Dorsal

25
Lateral
Side
26
Medial
Middle
27
Rostral
Head
28
Anterior
Front
29
Posterior
Back
30
Caudal
Tail
31
Epiblast
Human foetus tissues | Dorsal side of embryo
32
Amniotic cavity
Protective cavity within epiblast filled with amniotic fluid
33
Amnion
Squamous cell membrane formed on roof of amniotic cavity
34
Epiblast proper
Forms on the floor of the amniotic cavity
35
Yolk sac
Columnar cells become squamous Small and relatively empty in humans Nourishes, provides blood cells and gives rise to germ line in embryo Formed by migration of hypoblast cells to cover inside surface of blastocyst forming second cavity under amniotic cavity
36
Gastrulation
The formation of the trilaminar embryo | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm from the epiblast
37
Method of gastrulation
1) Epiblast and hypoblast make up the bilaminar embryo 2) Epiblast cells migrate towards the middle of the blastocyst forming the primitive streak 3) Epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak to the hypoblast and push it apart 4) Endoderm is formed where hypoblast was pushed away 5) Migrating epiblast cells form the mesoderm 6) Remaining epiblast cells at the top of the embryo become the ectoderm
38
Ectoderm tissues
``` Epidermis Cornea Hair/nails/enamel Adrenal medulla Melanocytes Brain Spinal cord Motor neurons Retina ```
39
Mesoderm tissues
``` Kidneys Gonads Cartilage Muscle Dermis Heart Spleen Bone Connective tissue ```
40
Endoderm tissues
``` Stomach Colon Lungs Liver Pancreas Bladder Trachea epithelium Pharynx Thyroid Parathyroid Intestines ```
41
4 mesoderm components
Intermediate Medial Lateral plate Axial
42
Intermediate mesoderm tissues
Kidneys and gonads
43
Axial mesoderm tissues
Notochord
44
Lateral plate mesoderm tissues
Circulatory system Wall of gut Wall of body
45
Paraxial mesoderm tissues
Cartilage Skeletal muscle Dermis
46
Implantation
Day 6: ICM orientated towards endometrium Day 7: Blastocyst attaches to endometrium Endometrium enlarges and becomes vascularised Blastocyst secretes enzymes and burrows into endometrium
47
Decidua basalis
Endometrium between embryo and stratum basale
48
Decidua capsularis
Endometrium between embryo and uterine cavity
49
Decidua parietalis
Endometrium that lines the areas of uterus not involved in pregnancy
50
Syncytial trophoblast
No distinct cell boundaries | Secretes enzymes allowing blastocyst to penetrate uterine lining
51
Cellular trophoblast
Distinct cells Found between syncytial trophoblast and the embryoblast Will eventually form part of chorion Secretes hCG which rescues luteum from degeneration and sustains estrogen and progesterone secretion
52
Bilaminar embryonic disc
Hypoblast and epiblast stage Forms a flat disc Amniotic cavity develops
53
Maternal sinusoids
Dilated endometrial capillaries from lacunar networks
54
Lacunae
When blastocyst completely embeds in endometrium the syncytial trophoblast expands and lacunae develop Fusion of lacunae makes lacunar networks
55
Extra-embryonic coelom
Large cavity formed from fused extra-embryonic mesoderm cavities Contains chorion
56
Chorion
Formed from extra-embryonic mesoderm, syncytial trophoblast and cellular trophoblast Surrounds embryo Principal embryonic part of placenta Produces hCG and promotes T cell production to suppress normal uterine immune response
57
Chorionic cavity
Chorion fuses with the extra-embryonic coelom
58
Connecting stalk
Band of extra-embryonic mesoderm that connects the bilaminar embryonic disc to the trophoblast Eventually forms the umbilical cord
59
Primitive streak
Groove on dorsal surface of epiblast that elongates from posterior to anterior part of embryo Establishes head/tail and left/right At the head end of the streak a small group of epiblast cells form a rounded structure called the primitive node

Bioscience (10 decks)

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