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Bioscience > Fertilisation and Gastrulation > Flashcards

Fertilisation and Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatozoon

A

Haploid sperm cell
Prosteoglandins in semen stimulate uterine motility and aid sperm movement
Acrosome covers head of sperm

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2
Q

Ovum

A

Haploid egg cell
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
ZP3

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3
Q

Corona radiata

A

Granulosa cells that surround the secondary oocyte

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4
Q

Zona pellucida

A

GLycoprotein layer between corona radiata and oocyte membrane

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5
Q

ZP3

A

Glycoprotein in zona pellucida

Binds membrane proteins in sperm head which triggers the acrosomal reaction

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6
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

Acrosomal enzymes released from acrosome when plasma membranes fuse
Enzymes digest corona radiata and zona pellucida so the sperm can reach the oocyte

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7
Q

Capacitation

A

Series of functional changes causing sperm tail to beat more vigorously and prepare for plasma membrane fusion
Secretions in female reproductive tract cause removal of cholesterol, glycoproteins and proteins from sperm head membrane

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Occurs 24 hours after fertilisation and is completed after 6 hours
Creates the blastomere

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9
Q

Blastomere

A

Cell formed by cleavage

Loosely packed until 8 cell stage when embryo goes through compaction

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10
Q

Zygote

A

First cell after fertilisation
First diploid cell
Found at the beginning of the uterine tube

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11
Q

Morula

A

Multicellular embryo with tightly packed cells
Still surrounded by zona pellucida
Found at the end of the uterine tube

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12
Q

Blastocyst

A

Trophoblast forms on the inside of zona pellucida
Tightly packed cells become inner cell mass and are pushed to the side of the embryo to form a cavity
Zona pellucida breaks and the morula ‘hatches’ into a blastocyst

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13
Q

Blastocyst cavity

A

The cavity formed when the inner cell mass pushed to the side of the embryo in a blastocyst

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14
Q

3 models of embryonic cell differentiation

A

Mosaic
Positional
Polarity

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15
Q

Mosaic model

A

Cells differentiate randomly into inner cell mass and trophoblast and organise themselves according to the differentiation
Discredited theory

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16
Q

Positional model

A

Cells differentiate depending on whether their contact with external environment
YAP enzyme expressed in trophoblast due to less cell/cell interaction
YAP inhibited in ICM due to more cell/cell interaction

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17
Q

YAP enzyme

A

Expressed in cells with less cell/cell interaction
YAP binds and activates transcription factor Tead4
Tead4 activated only in trophoblast causing the differentiation

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18
Q

Polarity model

A

Cell differentiation based on how cells divide
Cells that divide parallel to polarisation axis will produce polarised daughter cells which stay on the outside of the cell and become trophoblast
Cells that divide perpendicular to polarisation axis produces one polarised daughter cell which becomes trophoblast and one non-polarised daughter cell which becomes ICM

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19
Q

Types of cell that trophoblast differentiates into

A

Syncytial trophoblast

Cellular trophoblast

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20
Q

Types of cel that ICM differentiates into

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

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21
Q

Compaction

A

The size of the embryo does not change but cell division packs blastomeres closer and closer together due to increased cell adhesion molecule activity

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22
Q

Hypoblast

A

Primitive endoderm
Ventral side of embryo
Supportive

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23
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

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24
Q

Dorsal

A

Top

25
Q

Lateral

A

Side

26
Q

Medial

A

Middle

27
Q

Rostral

A

Head

28
Q

Anterior

A

Front

29
Q

Posterior

A

Back

30
Q

Caudal

A

Tail

31
Q

Epiblast

A

Human foetus tissues

Dorsal side of embryo

32
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

Protective cavity within epiblast filled with amniotic fluid

33
Q

Amnion

A

Squamous cell membrane formed on roof of amniotic cavity

34
Q

Epiblast proper

A

Forms on the floor of the amniotic cavity

35
Q

Yolk sac

A

Columnar cells become squamous
Small and relatively empty in humans
Nourishes, provides blood cells and gives rise to germ line in embryo
Formed by migration of hypoblast cells to cover inside surface of blastocyst forming second cavity under amniotic cavity

36
Q

Gastrulation

A

The formation of the trilaminar embryo

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm from the epiblast

37
Q

Method of gastrulation

A

1) Epiblast and hypoblast make up the bilaminar embryo
2) Epiblast cells migrate towards the middle of the blastocyst forming the primitive streak
3) Epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak to the hypoblast and push it apart
4) Endoderm is formed where hypoblast was pushed away
5) Migrating epiblast cells form the mesoderm
6) Remaining epiblast cells at the top of the embryo become the ectoderm

38
Q

Ectoderm tissues

A 
Epidermis
Cornea
Hair/nails/enamel
Adrenal medulla
Melanocytes
Brain
Spinal cord
Motor neurons
Retina
39
Q

Mesoderm tissues

A 
Kidneys
Gonads
Cartilage
Muscle
Dermis
Heart
Spleen
Bone
Connective tissue
40
Q

Endoderm tissues

A 
Stomach
Colon
Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Bladder
Trachea epithelium
Pharynx
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Intestines
41
Q

4 mesoderm components

A

Intermediate
Medial
Lateral plate
Axial

42
Q

Intermediate mesoderm tissues

A

Kidneys and gonads

43
Q

Axial mesoderm tissues

A

Notochord

44
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm tissues

A

Circulatory system
Wall of gut
Wall of body

45
Q

Paraxial mesoderm tissues

A

Cartilage
Skeletal muscle
Dermis

46
Q

Implantation

A

Day 6: ICM orientated towards endometrium
Day 7: Blastocyst attaches to endometrium
Endometrium enlarges and becomes vascularised
Blastocyst secretes enzymes and burrows into endometrium

47
Q

Decidua basalis

A

Endometrium between embryo and stratum basale

48
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

Endometrium between embryo and uterine cavity

49
Q

Decidua parietalis

A

Endometrium that lines the areas of uterus not involved in pregnancy

50
Q

Syncytial trophoblast

A

No distinct cell boundaries

Secretes enzymes allowing blastocyst to penetrate uterine lining

51
Q

Cellular trophoblast

A

Distinct cells
Found between syncytial trophoblast and the embryoblast
Will eventually form part of chorion
Secretes hCG which rescues luteum from degeneration and sustains estrogen and progesterone secretion

52
Q

Bilaminar embryonic disc

A

Hypoblast and epiblast stage
Forms a flat disc
Amniotic cavity develops

53
Q

Maternal sinusoids

A

Dilated endometrial capillaries from lacunar networks

54
Q

Lacunae

A

When blastocyst completely embeds in endometrium the syncytial trophoblast expands and lacunae develop
Fusion of lacunae makes lacunar networks

55
Q

Extra-embryonic coelom

A

Large cavity formed from fused extra-embryonic mesoderm cavities
Contains chorion

56
Q

Chorion

A

Formed from extra-embryonic mesoderm, syncytial trophoblast and cellular trophoblast
Surrounds embryo
Principal embryonic part of placenta
Produces hCG and promotes T cell production to suppress normal uterine immune response

57
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

Chorion fuses with the extra-embryonic coelom

58
Q

Connecting stalk

A

Band of extra-embryonic mesoderm that connects the bilaminar embryonic disc to the trophoblast
Eventually forms the umbilical cord

59
Q

Primitive streak

A

Groove on dorsal surface of epiblast that elongates from posterior to anterior part of embryo
Establishes head/tail and left/right
At the head end of the streak a small group of epiblast cells form a rounded structure called the primitive node

Bioscience (10 decks)

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