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Bioscience > Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Attached to bones by tendons
Supplied with nerves and blood vessels
Composed of elongated peripheral multi-nucleated cells called muscle fibres
Individual muscle fibres are bundled into fascicles, which are grouped to form specific anatomical muscles
All surrounded by protective connective tissue
Voluntary control

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found in the heart
Striated
Fibres joined end to end through intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
Involuntary control

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3
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Found in the walls of hollow internal structures like blood vessels and intestines
Fibres are spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus
Non-striated
Bundles of thick and thin filaments
Thin + intermediate filaments attach to dense bodies
Involuntary control

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4
Q

Four connective tissue groupings for skeletal muscle

A

Tendon
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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5
Q

Tendon

A

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches to bone

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6
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds anatomical muscle

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7
Q

Perimysium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds muscle bundles or fascicles

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8
Q

Endomysium

A

Areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile units of muscle fibres
Fill the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre and extend the entire length
Composed of thin and thick myofilaments

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10
Q

Thin myofilaments

A

Composed of mostly actin

8 nm

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11
Q

Thick myofilaments

A

Composed of myosin

16 nm

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12
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of a myofibril
Compartment that contains myofilaments
Extends between two Z discs

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13
Q

Five different types of band in a sarcomere

A

A band: dark middle part that contains all the thick filaments and overlapping thin filaments
I band: Thin filaments only
H zone: Thick filaments only
Z disc: Plate of dense material that passes through an I band and separates sarcomeres
M line: Middle of the sarcomere and holds thick filaments together

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14
Q

Nervous system subdivisions

A

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system: all nervous tissue outside CNS

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15
Q

Nervous system role and 3 major functions

A

Maintains homeostasis along with endocrine system
Initiates voluntary movements
Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory

1) Sensory - detection of internal and external stimuli and transfers to CNS
2) Integrative - analysis and storing of information
3) Motor - stimulation of effectors through PNS

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16
Q

Neuron structure

A

Cell body
Short branched dendrites convey nerve impulses
Long single axon conducts nerve impulses to other nerves or tissues

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17
Q

Neuron structural classification

A

1) Multipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Unipolar

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18
Q

Neuron functional classification

A

1) Sensory (afferent)

2) Motor (efferent)

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19
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Several dendrites, one axon

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20
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One main dendrite, one axon

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21
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Many dendrites and one axon as a single structure from the cell body

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22
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Mostly unipolar
Afferent
Convey action potential from a receptor into the CNS

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23
Q

Motor neuron

A

Mostly multipolar
Efferent
Convey action potential from CNS out to an effector such as a muscle or a gland

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24
Q

Interneuron

A

Mostly multipolar
Association
Mostly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons

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25
Q

Neuroglia

A 
Supportive cells in nervous tissue
Found in both CNS and PNS
Do not propagate action potential
Can divide within the mature nervous system
Make up the glue of the CNS (about half)
Smaller and more numerous than neurons
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26
Q

Four types of CNS neuroglia

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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27
Q

Two types of PNS neuroglia

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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28
Q

Astrocyte

A

Star shaped, large, common
Supportive
Contribute to blood brain barrier
Regulate growth, migration and chemical environment

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29
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Form myelin sheath around CNS axons

30
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic

31
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid

Line ventricles of brain and central spinal cord canal

32
Q

Schwann cell

A

Form myelin sheath around PNS axons

33
Q

Satellite cell

A

Surround cell bodies
Supportive
Fluid exchange

34
Q

Muscle fibres

A

Elongated cells that make up muscle tissue
Use energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate force
Also called myocytes

35
Q

Smallest skeletal muscle

A

Stapedius

36
Q

Longest skeletal muscle

A

Sartorius

37
Q

A band

A

Dark, middle part of sarcomere

Contains all thick filaments

38
Q

I band

A

Only contains thin filaments

39
Q

Z disc

A

Made of actinins

Link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

40
Q

H zone

A

Only contains thick filaments

41
Q

M line

A

Middle of sarcomere

Holds thick filaments together

42
Q

5 types of cell junctions

A 
Tight
Adherens
Gap
Desmosome
Hemidesmosome
43
Q

Tight junctions

A

Individual sealing strands - more strands means a tighter junctions
Involves claudins and occludins
Join the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells via transmembrane proteins
Keep cell polarity by stopping protein movement between apical and basal surfaces

44
Q

Claudins

A

Proteins used in tight junctions

Form backbone of tight junction strands

45
Q

Occludins

A

Integral plasma membrane proteins used in tight junctions

46
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Basally located
Made up of cadherins and catenins
Cytoplasmic face linked to actin cytoskeleton

47
Q

Cadherins

A

Transmembrane proteins

Form homodimers with cadherin molecules in adjacent cells through calcium-dependent regulation

48
Q

Catenins

A

Binds the cadherin to link it to the actin cytoskeleton

49
Q

Actin

A

Forms microfilaments which makes the cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus in muscle cells

50
Q

Desmosomes

A

Lateral
Bind muscle cells together
Uses cadherin as transmembrane protein
Cadherin binds keratin

51
Q

Keratin

A

Cytoskeletal intermediate filament that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress

52
Q

Gap junctions

A

Direct connection between cells
Forms channels for certain molecules to go through
Uses connexin proteins - 6 molecules form a connexon which opens a hemichannel

53
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Connects epithelia to basement membrane by linking basal keratin
Uses integrin as linking protein which can bind to laminin in the basement membrane or keratin in the cytoplasm

54
Q

3 anchoring proteins and locations

A

Actin filaments in the cytoskeleton - adherens junctions
Keratin filaments in the cytoplasm - hemidesmosomes and desmosomes
Laminin in the basement membrane - hemidesmosomes

55
Q

Transmembrane and linking proteins

A

Catenins (linker) in adherens junctions
Cadherins (transmembrane) in adherens and desmosome
Occludins (plasma membrane) in tight junctions

56
Q

Laminin

A

Anchoring protein found in basal lamina

Attaches epithelial cells to basement membrane by binding integrin in hemidesmosome junctions

57
Q

Integrin

A

Linking protein found in hemidesmosomes which can bind laminin in the basement membrane or keratin in the cytoplasm

58
Q

Collagen

A

Produced by fibroblasts
Found in reticular lamina and basal lamina
Forms collagen fibres (thick) and reticular fibres (thin)

59
Q

4 properties of muscle tissue

A

Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

60
Q

Electrical excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical impulses called action potentials

61
Q

Contractility

A

Ability to forcefully contract when stimulated by an action potential

62
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to stretch within limits without damage

63
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to original length and shape after contraction or extension

64
Q

2 contractile proteins

A

Myosin and actin

65
Q

Myosin as a contractile protein

A

Makes up thick filament

Tail and two myosin heads which bind to myosin binding sites on actin molecules during contraction

66
Q

Actin as a contractile protein

A

Main component of thin filament

Each has 1 myosin binding site

67
Q

2 regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

68
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Component of thin filament that covers myosin binding site on actin when muscle is relaxed, preventing contraction

69
Q

Troponin

A

Component of thin filament that changes shape when bound to calcium
Tropomyosin is moved away from myosin binding site on actin so myosin can bind and muscle can contract

70
Q

Protoplasmic astrocyte

A

Short branches found in grey matter

71
Q

Fibrous astrocyte

A

Long branches found in white matter

72
Q

Anaxonic neuron

A

Brain and special senses

Axons and dendrites are indistinguishable from each other

Bioscience (10 decks)

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