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Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Attached to bones by tendons
Supplied with nerves and blood vessels
Composed of elongated peripheral multi-nucleated cells called muscle fibres
Individual muscle fibres are bundled into fascicles, which are grouped to form specific anatomical muscles
All surrounded by protective connective tissue
Voluntary control

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found in the heart
Striated
Fibres joined end to end through intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
Involuntary control

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3
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Found in the walls of hollow internal structures like blood vessels and intestines
Fibres are spindle shaped cells with a single nucleus
Non-striated
Bundles of thick and thin filaments
Thin + intermediate filaments attach to dense bodies
Involuntary control

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4
Q

Four connective tissue groupings for skeletal muscle

A

Tendon
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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5
Q

Tendon

A

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches to bone

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6
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds anatomical muscle

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7
Q

Perimysium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds muscle bundles or fascicles

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8
Q

Endomysium

A

Areolar connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile units of muscle fibres
Fill the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre and extend the entire length
Composed of thin and thick myofilaments

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10
Q

Thin myofilaments

A

Composed of mostly actin

8 nm

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11
Q

Thick myofilaments

A

Composed of myosin

16 nm

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12
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of a myofibril
Compartment that contains myofilaments
Extends between two Z discs

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13
Q

Five different types of band in a sarcomere

A

A band: dark middle part that contains all the thick filaments and overlapping thin filaments
I band: Thin filaments only
H zone: Thick filaments only
Z disc: Plate of dense material that passes through an I band and separates sarcomeres
M line: Middle of the sarcomere and holds thick filaments together

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14
Q

Nervous system subdivisions

A

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system: all nervous tissue outside CNS

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15
Q

Nervous system role and 3 major functions

A

Maintains homeostasis along with endocrine system
Initiates voluntary movements
Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory

1) Sensory - detection of internal and external stimuli and transfers to CNS
2) Integrative - analysis and storing of information
3) Motor - stimulation of effectors through PNS

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16
Q

Neuron structure

A

Cell body
Short branched dendrites convey nerve impulses
Long single axon conducts nerve impulses to other nerves or tissues

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17
Q

Neuron structural classification

A

1) Multipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Unipolar

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18
Q

Neuron functional classification

A

1) Sensory (afferent)

2) Motor (efferent)

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19
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Several dendrites, one axon

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20
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One main dendrite, one axon

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21
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Many dendrites and one axon as a single structure from the cell body

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22
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Mostly unipolar
Afferent
Convey action potential from a receptor into the CNS

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23
Q

Motor neuron

A

Mostly multipolar
Efferent
Convey action potential from CNS out to an effector such as a muscle or a gland

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24
Q

Interneuron

A

Mostly multipolar
Association
Mostly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons

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25
Neuroglia
``` Supportive cells in nervous tissue Found in both CNS and PNS Do not propagate action potential Can divide within the mature nervous system Make up the glue of the CNS (about half) Smaller and more numerous than neurons ```
26
Four types of CNS neuroglia
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
27
Two types of PNS neuroglia
Schwann cells | Satellite cells
28
Astrocyte
Star shaped, large, common Supportive Contribute to blood brain barrier Regulate growth, migration and chemical environment
29
Oligodendrocyte
Form myelin sheath around CNS axons
30
Microglia
Phagocytic
31
Ependymal cell
Produce cerebrospinal fluid | Line ventricles of brain and central spinal cord canal
32
Schwann cell
Form myelin sheath around PNS axons
33
Satellite cell
Surround cell bodies Supportive Fluid exchange
34
Muscle fibres
Elongated cells that make up muscle tissue Use energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate force Also called myocytes
35
Smallest skeletal muscle
Stapedius
36
Longest skeletal muscle
Sartorius
37
A band
Dark, middle part of sarcomere | Contains all thick filaments
38
I band
Only contains thin filaments
39
Z disc
Made of actinins | Link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
40
H zone
Only contains thick filaments
41
M line
Middle of sarcomere | Holds thick filaments together
42
5 types of cell junctions
``` Tight Adherens Gap Desmosome Hemidesmosome ```
43
Tight junctions
Individual sealing strands - more strands means a tighter junctions Involves claudins and occludins Join the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells via transmembrane proteins Keep cell polarity by stopping protein movement between apical and basal surfaces
44
Claudins
Proteins used in tight junctions | Form backbone of tight junction strands
45
Occludins
Integral plasma membrane proteins used in tight junctions
46
Adherens junctions
Basally located Made up of cadherins and catenins Cytoplasmic face linked to actin cytoskeleton
47
Cadherins
Transmembrane proteins | Form homodimers with cadherin molecules in adjacent cells through calcium-dependent regulation
48
Catenins
Binds the cadherin to link it to the actin cytoskeleton
49
Actin
Forms microfilaments which makes the cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus in muscle cells
50
Desmosomes
Lateral Bind muscle cells together Uses cadherin as transmembrane protein Cadherin binds keratin
51
Keratin
Cytoskeletal intermediate filament that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress
52
Gap junctions
Direct connection between cells Forms channels for certain molecules to go through Uses connexin proteins - 6 molecules form a connexon which opens a hemichannel
53
Hemidesmosome
Connects epithelia to basement membrane by linking basal keratin Uses integrin as linking protein which can bind to laminin in the basement membrane or keratin in the cytoplasm
54
3 anchoring proteins and locations
Actin filaments in the cytoskeleton - adherens junctions Keratin filaments in the cytoplasm - hemidesmosomes and desmosomes Laminin in the basement membrane - hemidesmosomes
55
Transmembrane and linking proteins
Catenins (linker) in adherens junctions Cadherins (transmembrane) in adherens and desmosome Occludins (plasma membrane) in tight junctions
56
Laminin
Anchoring protein found in basal lamina | Attaches epithelial cells to basement membrane by binding integrin in hemidesmosome junctions
57
Integrin
Linking protein found in hemidesmosomes which can bind laminin in the basement membrane or keratin in the cytoplasm
58
Collagen
Produced by fibroblasts Found in reticular lamina and basal lamina Forms collagen fibres (thick) and reticular fibres (thin)
59
4 properties of muscle tissue
Electrical excitability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity
60
Electrical excitability
Ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical impulses called action potentials
61
Contractility
Ability to forcefully contract when stimulated by an action potential
62
Extensibility
Ability to stretch within limits without damage
63
Elasticity
Ability to return to original length and shape after contraction or extension
64
2 contractile proteins
Myosin and actin
65
Myosin as a contractile protein
Makes up thick filament | Tail and two myosin heads which bind to myosin binding sites on actin molecules during contraction
66
Actin as a contractile protein
Main component of thin filament | Each has 1 myosin binding site
67
2 regulatory proteins
Tropomyosin and troponin
68
Tropomyosin
Component of thin filament that covers myosin binding site on actin when muscle is relaxed, preventing contraction
69
Troponin
Component of thin filament that changes shape when bound to calcium Tropomyosin is moved away from myosin binding site on actin so myosin can bind and muscle can contract
70
Protoplasmic astrocyte
Short branches found in grey matter
71
Fibrous astrocyte
Long branches found in white matter
72
Anaxonic neuron
Brain and special senses | Axons and dendrites are indistinguishable from each other

Bioscience (10 decks)

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