Org 7 - Aldehydes & Ketones Flashcards
What is the general structure of an aldehyde ?
suffix: -al
What is the general structure of a ketone ?
Suffix: -one
What is the functional group of aldehydes and ketones ?
The carbonyl group C=O
Describe the Carbonyl functional group, including bond angles
Planar, with bond angles of 120º
The Carbonyl Carbon atom has 3 σ bonds.
The C=O bond is shorter and stronger than the C-O.
What is an Aryl group ?
Benzene minus 1 hydrogen e.g. C6H5 Phenyl
Name five important features of the Carbonyl group
- Resonance
- Polarity
- Acidity of the alpha hydrogen
- Keto-enol tautomerisation
- Hydrogen bonding
Sketch the two resonance structures of a ketone
Why is polarity important in the Carbonyl group ?
It may participate in nucelophilic or electrophilic reactions. Nucleophiles attack the partially positive carbon, and electrophiles attack the partially negative oxygen.
In both of these reactions, the character of the double bond is altered.
Where is the alpha carbon located in a Carbonyl compound ?
The alpha carbon is always adjacent to the functional group.
What is the relationship between resonance structures and stability ?
If you can draw resonance structures for a compound, then it displays increased stability.
Explain why acidity of the alpha hydrgen occurs in a carbonyl compound ?
The acidity is a result of the resonance stabilisation of the alpha carbanion formed.
Are the beta and gamma hydrogens also acidic in a carbonyl compound ?
No, only the alpha hydrogen is acidic
What happens to acidity if the alpha hydrogen is situated between 2 Carbonyl groups ?
It will display increased acidity
What are tautomers ?
Constitutional isomers that readily interconvert (= tautomerization).
This happens so quickly that they are usually considered to be the same compound.
What is an enol ?
Alkene & Alcohol