Gen 8 - Enthalpy & Thermochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermochemistry ?

A

The study of energy absorbed or released in chemical reactions or any physical transformations (ie. phase change)

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2
Q

What equation represents the enthalpy change of a reaction ?

A
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3
Q

What does a positive enthalpy change (delta H+) represent ?

A

The flow of heat into a system as a reaction occurs - E.g. An Endothermic reaction

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4
Q

What does a negative enthalpy change represent ?

A

Heat energy is given off to its surroundings - an exothermic reaction.

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5
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy ?

A

The total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time (if there is no associated external force)

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6
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics ?

A

The entropy or randomness of the universe increases in any real system.

For a reaction to proceed, the entropy of the system must increase.

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7
Q

What is the difference between enthalpy and entropy ?

A

Enthalpy is the heat transfer that takes place at constant pressure.

Entropy gives an idea of the randomness of a system.

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8
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics ?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

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9
Q

What is delta Hf ?

A

The standard enthalpy (or heat) of formation is the change of enthalpy that would occur when 1 mole of a substance is formed from its elemental constituents, in a standard state reaction.

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10
Q

What is the standard enthalpy of formation of an element in its standard state ?

A

Zero, as no enthalpy change is involved in their formation.

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11
Q

What are the SI units for enthalpy ?

A

KJ/mole

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12
Q

What is delta Hrxn ?

A

The standard enthalpy change for a reaction - the change of enthalpy that would occur if one mole of matter is transformed by a chemical reaction with all reactants and products under standard state.

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13
Q

What is Hess’s law ?

A
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14
Q

Why is it important to define standard conditions in terms of Thermochemistry ?

A

Because enthalpy changes depend on the conditions under which the reactions are carried out.

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15
Q

What is standard pressure ?

A

1 atmosphere, approx 1 barr

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16
Q

What is standard temperature with regards to thermochemistry ?

A

Generally 25 ºC if unspecified

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17
Q

What is the standard physical state of an element ?

A

The “natural” physical state of an element under standard temperature and pressure

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18
Q

What is the standard temperature for an ideal gas ?

A

0ºC

19
Q

What is the bond dissociation energy ?

A

A measure of the bond strength within a particular molecule - the standard enthalpy change in the homolytic cleavage of a chemical bond.

20
Q

Why are bond energies always positive values ?

A

Because it always takes energy to break bonds apart.

21
Q

Describe bond dissociation energy and bond energy in relation to CH4 - why are they not the same ?

A

The bond dissociation energies for each of the homolytic C-H bonds cleavage are all slightly different. The average of the four bond dissociation energies is known as the bond energy.

22
Q

When is bond dissociation energy and bond energy the same ?

A

In all diatomic molecules because there is cleavage of only one bond.

23
Q

Define bond energy

A

A measure of bond strength. The energy required to sever 1 mole of a chemical bond in a gas.

24
Q

How would you calculate Energy transferred (Q) in a thermochemical reaction ?

A
25
Q

When is heat absorbed or released but without a change in temperature of the surroundings ?

A

During a phase change

26
Q

What is a calorie ?

A

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1ºC

27
Q

What is a calorie in joules ?

A

1 cal = 4.184 Joules

28
Q

Describe the 3 enthalpy phase changes ?

A
  1. Heat of fusion Solid –> Liquid
  2. Heat of vaporization Liquid –> Gas
  3. Heat of sublimation Solid –> Gas
29
Q

How do we calculate the heat required for a phase change ?

A

Q = ML

Where:

Q = heat transferred to system

M = mass of sample

L = Heat of transformation

30
Q

What is Calorimetry ?

A

The science of measuring the heat evolved or exchanged due to a chemical reaction.

31
Q

What are the most spontaneous transformation with regards to the 2nd law of thermodynamics ?

A

Transformations which require the smallest amount of energy and lead to the largest disorder of the system are the most spontaneous.

32
Q

What is entropy (S) ?

A

A state function which measures the degree of disorder in a system.

Generally speaking, it increases from a solid to a liquid to a gas.

33
Q

Describe entropy in terms of a rubber band

A

Entropy decreases when the elastic band is stretched. In the relaxed elastic band, the molecules of the rubber polymer are coiled up and form a disorganised structure.

As the rubber is stretched, the molecules tend to line up with each other and adopt a more organised structure.

34
Q

What are the units of entropy ?

A

J/K or Cal/K

35
Q

What is the law of disorder ?

A

The natural tendancy is for systems to move to the direction of maximum disorder, not vice versa.

E.g. Your room never cleans itself !

36
Q

What is the equation for entropy change ?

A
37
Q

What is Gibbs free energy ?

A

A state function of entropy that can be used as a criterion for spontaneity.

38
Q

How do you calculate Gibbs free energy ?

A
39
Q

What are the unit of Gibb’s free energy ?

A

KJMol-1

40
Q

How does the value of delta G carried out at constant pressure, determine spontaneity of a reaction ?

A

A reaction carried out at constant pressure is spontaneous is delta G <0. It is not spontaneous if delta G >0.

41
Q

How is a reaction proceeding if delta G = 0 ?

A

The reaction is at equilibrium.

42
Q

Describe the best time to add milk to a hot drink in order to maximally cool it ?

A

Heat moves to an environment fastest when there is the greatest temperature difference, therefore for maximal heat loss, milk should be added just before drinking.

43
Q

What is the difference between a burn from steam at 100ºC, and a burn from water at 100ºC ?

A

The steam burn would be more severe as it has more heat energy to be released onto the skin. Energy is lost to the skin by condensation.