Org 6 - Alcohols Flashcards
What is an alcohol ?
Any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an Alkyl or substituted alkyl group.
What is the general formula of an alcohol ?
R-OH
Explain how alcohols are classified ?
How are the carbons in an alcohol numbered ?
The alcohols are always numbered to give the carbon with the hydroxy (OH) group the lowest number
What is the prefix for a 5 carbon chain ?
Pent
What is the prefix for a 6 carbon chain ?
Hex
What is the prefix for a 3 carbon chain ?
Prop
When oxygen is bonded R-OH, how many lone E- pairs does it have ?
2 lone pairs
Explai hydrogen bonding in alcohols ?
The partially positive hydrogen in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative oxygen in another molecule.
Explain why methanol has a lower boiling point than water ?
2 partially positive hydrogens in each H20 are available to hydrogen bond, but only 1 partially positive hydrogen in an alcohol (due to R groups)m which means that the hydrogen bonding is easier to break.
Explain the boiling point and solubility trends of alcohols ?
- Higher boiling points and greater solubility tha comparable alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and alkyl halides
- This is due to greater polarity and hydrogen bonding
Explain the pH trend of alcohols ?
- Decreases with increasing number of attached carbons
- Primary > Secondary > tertiary
What is the name of an alcohols conjugate base ?
An alkoxide
Are alcohols basic or acidic ?
They are weak acids
(weaker than water)
What does miscible mean ?
Give an example
Soluble in water in any proportion
e.g. Methanol is miscible in water, butanol is slightly soluble but not miscible
Why do alcohols become less soluble as the length of the Carbon chain (R Group) increases ?
The R group is non-polar, thus inhibiting the molecules ability to hydrogen bond.
Describe the acidity and basicity of alcohols
Alcohols can dissociate into a proton and its conjugate alkoxide.
As weak acids, alcohols act as proton donors:
ROH + H2O → RO - + H3O+
As weak bases, alcohols act as proton acceptors:
ROH + HX → ROH2+ + X-
Describe the effect of substituents on alcohol acidity
The more easily the alkoxide ion is accessible to H2O, the easier it is stabilised through solution, therefore the more its formation is favoured leading to greater acidity.