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BDS3 > Oral pathology > Flashcards

Oral pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between fusion and gemination?

A 
Fusion = 2 into 1 (different root)
Gemination = 1 into 2 (but shares the same root)
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2
Q

What is concrescence?

How is it caused?

A
  • Tooth joined by cementum

- Related to trauma or overcrowding

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3
Q

What is Dilaceration?

How is it caused?

A
  • Bent root

- Trauma or developmental anomaly

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4
Q

What is taurodontism?

A
  • Elongated crowns and apically displaced furcations
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5
Q

What is a periapical granulmona/scar?

What can it turn into?

A
  • PA granuloma refers to granulation tissue (NOT a granuloma found in TB)
  • It can turn into a PA cyst
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6
Q

True or false: An acute periapical abscess can be seen as a PA radiolucency.

A

False, though it can be seen as widening of PDL space.

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7
Q

What are FOUR reasons why pulpal tissue inflammation has a worse prognosis than the inflammation you get from a simple skin infection?

A
  • Limited capacity for drainage
  • Limited access for repair
  • Limited space for swelling
  • Concentrated stimulus
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8
Q

True or false: A PA abscess won’t form a radiolucent lesion but a PA granuloma will.

A

True, if the abscess is there for long enough, it will develop into a granuloma and bone resorption will occur, forming a radiolucency.

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9
Q

What are TWO signs of primary syphilis?

A
  • Chancre (painless ulcer at site of infection)

- Regional lymphadenopathy (swollen nodes around site of infection)

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10
Q

What are FOUR signs of secondary syphilis?

A
  • Condyloma Latum (painless bulbous lump instead of chancre)
  • Maculopapular rash on palms/soles
  • Fever
  • Generalised lymphadenopathy
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11
Q

What are TWO dental signs of congenital syphilis?

A
  • Notched permanent incisors “hutchinson’s incisors” (congenital)
  • Mulberry or moon-shaped molars (congenital)
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12
Q

What stages is someone with syphilis contagious?

A

Primary and secondary stages are contagious. Tertiary stage is not.

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13
Q

What is the most distinctive sign of tertiary syphilis?

A

Gumma (granulomatous growth that can affect any organ of the body)

  • In the palate it can cause perforations
  • Is similar to TB granulomas
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14
Q

What is syphilis caused by?

A

Treponema Pallidum (spirochaete bacteria)

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15
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

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16
Q

What is Gonorrhoea caused by?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacteria)

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17
Q

What is Leprosy caused by?

A

Mycobacterium laprae

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18
Q

What is one way to provide fast pain relief to a patient with NUG?

A

Betadine mouthwash

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19
Q

What can NUG progress into if patient is susceptible?

A 
Cancrum oris (aka. Noma)
- Surrounding soft tissue and bone also become necrotised.
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20
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bone infection

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21
Q

What are THREE oral factors that might lead to fungal infection?

A
  • Poor denture hygiene
  • Reduced vertical dimension (creasing of the mouth -> angular chelitis)
  • Reduced salivary flow
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22
Q

What are the TWO main types of acute and chronic oral candida infections?
What is there appearance?

A
  • Atrophic (red patches = epithelium getting thinner)

- Hyperplastic (white patches = epithelium getting thicker)

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23
Q

True or false: chronic atrophic candidiasis lesions are more solid red than acute atrophic candidiasis.

A

True

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24
Q

What are THREE main differences between primary and secondary disease in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection?

A

Primary disease:

  • Widespread vesicular eruption (skin, attached mucosa, mucosa) vs. perioral
  • Systemic Sx (fever, arthralgia, cervical lymphadenopathy)
  • Seen in young people who have never come into contact with the virus
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25
Q

Vesicular eruption on gingivae in primary HSV infection can look like NUG. What is ONE way to differentiate?

A
  • NUG normally affects adults with other risk factors (e.g. smoking)
  • Primary herpes affects young people not yet exposed to virus
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26
Q

Secondary HSV disease can mimic apthous ulcers. What is ONE way to differentiate?

A

Apthous ulcers dont appear on the attached gingiva.

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27
Q

How long does it usually take for cold sores to heal once they ‘pop’?

A

1-2 weeks

28
Q

What is the similarity between herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV)?

A

Both are part of the Human Herpes Virus (HHV) family.

  • HSV (HHV-1/2) causes cold sores
  • VZV (HHV-3) causes chicken pox/shingles
29
Q

What pattern might shingles appear as on the gingiva and why?

A

It may appear on one side not crossing the midline

- It is following the sensory dermatome

30
Q

Where does the varicella-zoster virus lay dormant in the body?

A

Sensory ganglia

31
Q

What TWO things cause oral hairy leukoplakia?

What is its appearance?

A
  • Epstein Barr virus associated with HIV infection

- Appears as white patches on the lateral aspect of tongue

32
Q

What is the usual appearance of cytomegalovirus in immunocompetent vs. HIV infected patients?

A

Immunocompetent:
- Usually assymptopmatic, can present as CMV mononucleosis

HIV infected:
- Eye infections and oral ulceration

33
Q

What is the main risk of mouth ulceration and in what age group?

A

Dehydration in young children due to oral pain from drinking fluid.

34
Q

What causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease?

What is the appearance and prognosis?

A
  • Coxsackie virus
  • Mouth ulceration with vesiclular rash on hands/feet
  • Self-limiting infection resolving in 1-2 weeks
35
Q

What causes herpangina?

What is the appearance and prognosis?

A
  • Coxsackie virus
  • Vesicular lesions on soft palate and fauces
  • Resolves within 1 week
36
Q

What is the appearance and cause of squamous papilloma?

A
  • Cauliflower appearance

- Caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

37
Q

What is acanthosis?

A

Thickening of the epithelium (via thickening of prickle cell layer)

38
Q

What is the difference in appearance between condyloma accuminatum and squamous papilloma?

A

Condyloma accuminatum:

  • Still exophytic, but more pink nodules rather than white cauliflower appearance
  • Both caused by HPV but different types
39
Q

Lesions infected with what might cause oropharyngeal carcinomas?
(be specific)
Where are these lesions commonly found?

A
  • HPV type 16 and 18

- Tonsillar area

40
Q

What is median rhomboid glossitis?

A

It is an area of redness situated in the midline of the tongue dorsum just in-front of the CV papillae.

  • Caused by chronic fungal infection (e.g. candida)
  • Redness caused by atrophy of papillae
  • Can also present on a corresponding area on the hard palate
41
Q

What are FIVE viral infections with oral manifestations that are associated with HIV?

A
  • Epstein barr virus
  • HSV
  • HPV
  • Varicella Zoster virus
  • Cytomegalovirus
42
Q

What oral manifestation can be considered a good indicator for HIV disease progression?
What is the associated pathogen?
What is the appearance?

A

Oral hairy leukoplakia

  • associated Epstein Barr Virus
  • white patch (corrugated), often bilateral, (can spread to ventral surface of tongue -> it will then appear smooth)
43
Q

If someone presents with a white patch/lesion on the lateral surface of the tongue, what are FOUR differential diagnoses?

A
  • Trauma (most common)
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia (in HIV positive pts)
  • Lichen planus
  • Neoplasm
44
Q

What do koilocyte-like cells look like on a light microscope?

A

Cells with large white portions

45
Q

True or false: Oral hairy leukoplakia is not pre-malignant.

A

True, no dysplasia is present.

46
Q

What is another name for squamous papilloma?

More accurately, one type of oral squamous papilloma that Logan referred to

A

Verruca vulgaris

47
Q

What is the appearance of linear gingival erythema?

A

Red band along gingival margin (present in someone with good OH)

48
Q

What is the difference between ANUG and NUG?

A

NUG is associated with HIV infection

ANUG is associated with stress, smoking

49
Q

Why is there minimal pocketing in nectrotising ulcerative stomatitis?
Is this destruction generalised or localised?

A

The soft tissues are being eaten away, so no pocket formation occurs
- damage is localised

50
Q

What is the appearance and location of karposi’s sarcoma?

What pathogen is it associated with?

A

Vascular tumour (purplish, bleeds easily)

  • Palate most frequently affected
  • Associated with Human Herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)
51
Q

True or false: HIV is associated with salivary gland disease (ie. dry mouth)

A

True

52
Q

What are TWO causes of non-idiopathic mucosal pigmentation?

A
  • Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)

- Medications (Azidothymidine [AZT] aka. Zidovudine - HIV antiretroviral drug)

53
Q

Leukoedema:

  • Clinical appearance
  • Diagnostic test
  • Cause
A
  • White/grey translucent patches
  • When you stretch the buccal mucosa, the white lesion disappears.
  • Genetics
54
Q

What is a White Sponge Naevus?

A

Lesion that looks like leukoedema (only more solid white), also with genetic origin (ie. present from young age, no treatment reqd)

55
Q

What are FIVE common causes of white intraoral lesions?

A
  • Leukoedema
  • Trauma (cheek biting, frictional keratosis)
  • Fordyce granules
  • Tobacco-induced keratosis
  • Acute hyperplastic candidiasis
56
Q

What are THREE uncommon causes of white intraoral lesions?

A
  • Chemical trauma (eg. dissolvable aspirin)
  • White sponge naevus
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia
57
Q

What are TWO kinds of CT lesions? (not a good q)

A
  • Gingival fibromatosis

- Endothelial cell proliferation (haemangioma, lymphangioma, calibre-persistent labial artery)

58
Q

What are THREE examples of ectopic intraoral tissues?

A
  • Fordyce spots
  • Lingual thyroid
  • Lingual tonsils
59
Q

What is Benign Migratory Glossitis?

A
  • aka. geographic tongue, erythema migrans
  • Area of loss of filiform papillae +/- white thickened border
  • Quite common, aetiology unknown
60
Q

What is another name for an intraoral “freckle”?

A

Oral melanotic macule

61
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Tumour-like growth, but it grows at the same speed as surrounding tissue, only in a more disorganised fashion.

62
Q

What is a naevi and what are the FOUR types?

A
  • Small (5-8mm), painless, pigmented lesion (aka. mole)
  • Types: junctional, intramucosal, compound, blue.
  • Treat just like a mole
63
Q

What is an amalgam tattoo?

A

Grey/blue/black area on intraoral mucosa due to entry of amalgam into soft tissues.

64
Q

What is ONE oral manifestation of TB and how does it occur?

A

Abnormal looking ulcers, caused by haematogenous/lymphatic/direct spread of mycobacterium (progressive TB).

65
Q

What are TWO oral manifestations of gonorrhoeae?

A

Sx are non-specific.

  • Pharyngitis
  • Oral ulceration

BDS3 (22 decks)

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