Oral Environemnt

Question 1

Secretions of the minor salivary glands

Answer 1

All are mucous except lingual minor glands that are BOTH. Not mixed but have both

Question 2

Gingival crevicular fluid function

Answer 2

Located in sulcus, no function but probably inflammatory, little GCF on healthy Gingivae

Question 3

Flow rate at rest vs stimulated

Answer 3

Rest 0.3 stimulated 3ml/min

Question 4

Daily salivary flow

Answer 4

500-700ml

Question 5

Stimulated vs unstimulated saliva composition . Which is most active, when?

Answer 5

Unstimulated: majority is submandibular, parotid doesn’t secrete when sleeping

Stimulated: majority is parotid, least active is sublingual

Question 6

Factors affecting unstimulated salivary flow rate

Answer 6

Hydration
Previous stimulation
Circadian rhythms
Medications
Salivary gland disease

Question 7

Composition of saliva

Answer 7

99.5% water (inorganic)
0.2% ions (organic if it contains carbon)

0.3% proteins (organic)
Almost zero carbs and lipids

Question 8

How does conc of Na, bicarbonate, chloride and potassium change as flow rate increases

Answer 8

Sodium and chloride increases
Potassium same
Bicarbonate increases

Question 9

Functions of oral fluids

Answer 9

Tastes,digestion,bolts formation

Buffering,remineralisation, lubrication

Antibacterial antifungal antiviral

Question 10

Functions of fluoride, thiocyanate (SCN) in saliva

Answer 10

Fluoride promotes remineralisation, forms fluororapatire and also has antibacterial properties

SCN has antibacterial properties

Question 11

List some buffers in saliva

Answer 11

Phosphate
Bicarbonate
Proteins like histatins
Bacterial AMMONIA (urea to ammonia when bacteria breaks down amino acids)

Question 12

What type of receptors are found on salivary glands

Answer 12

Cholinergic stimulation of saliva
Acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptor, release of calcium ions

Activation of sodium potassium pump (ATP)
Activation of chloride pump (no atp but facilitated diffusion using potassium )

Question 13

What activates amylase

Answer 13

Chloride and calcium

Question 14

Function of lactoperoxidase (sialoperoxidase)

Answer 14

It oxidises SCN to OSCN. SCN is thiocynate. Hypothiocynate has antimicrobial properties

Question 15

Function of cystatin

Answer 15

Tooth remineralisation and protection
Antimicrobial
Inhibits cysteine proteases in bacteria

Question 16

Function of cystatin

Answer 16

Promotes tooth remineralisation
Antimicrobial properties like inhibiting cysteine proteases in bacteria

Question 17

Function of gustin (carbonic anhydrase VI)

Answer 17

Facilitate taste function by a activating taste buds
Contains zinc
Activates phosphodisestera 5 which is linked to erectile dysfunction

Question 18

Function of histatins

Answer 18

Buffer
Inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation, leading more in solution (supersaturation)
Antimicrobial
Inhibits Candida albicans and strept. Mutans

Question 19

Function of immunoglobulins

Answer 19

Plasma cells in salivary glands
Immune function
Secretory IgA (IgA are short term antibodies )
Specific immunity against bacteria

Question 20

IgG and IgM vs IgA

Answer 20

IgA is short term while IgM and IgG is long term

Question 21

Where is lipase produced in the mouth

Answer 21

von Ebner glands at the circumvallate papillae

Question 22

Function of lactoferrin

Answer 22

Antibacterial against bacteria that require iron because lactoferrin binds to iron, removing it from solution

Question 23

Mucoproteins function

Answer 23

Binds to tooth, component of primary pellicle
Lubricates
Affects bacterial adhesion, easier removal of bacterial aggregates (oral clearance)

Question 24

Pellicle

Answer 24

Thin sheet (kinda like biofilm?) that bacteria grow on

Question 25

Prp

Answer 25

Proline rich proteins in saliva Main function is to promote remineralisation and protect tooth surface Supersaturation of calcium and phosphate because it inhibits the growth of calcium phosphate crystals Acts as a diffusion barrier, decrease mineral loss Resists acid attack

Question 26

Statherins

Answer 26

Prevents ppt of calcium phosphate crystals Supersaturated of ions

Question 27

Which saliva proteins are involved in remineralisation

Answer 27

Statherin and PRP

Question 28

Function of plasma-derived substances

Answer 28

These spill over from plasma into saliva Proteins like albumins globulins Some immunoglobulins like IgG Hormones

Question 29

What does the common chemical sense for salivary stimuli mean?

Answer 29

Primitive response to irritants like spices Mediated by nociceptors in mucous membrane

Question 30

Saliva ph

Answer 30

6.8

Question 31

Saliva hyper or hypo tonic?

Answer 31

Hypotonic

Question 32

Intercalated vs striated ducts histology

Answer 32

Striated simple columnar Intercalated simple cubodisal

Question 33

Where and what happens at the first stage of saliva secretion?

Answer 33

Cholinergic stimulation of saliva Calcium triggered by acetylcholine, Ach activates sodium potassium lumped and potassium chloride pump. NaCl formed

Question 34

Where and what happens at the second stage of saliva secretion?

Answer 34

Reabsorbed Na and Cl Secretion of K and bicarbonate

Question 35

Volume of saliva in mouth

Answer 35

1.1ml

Question 36

Thickness of film of saliva

Answer 36

50-100um Film is in motion (flow velocity depends on region)

Question 37

Flow rate at different parts of the mouth

Answer 37

Fast in lower lingual region Slow in Labial Buccal regions

Question 38

Secretions on Buccal side by which glands

Answer 38

Minor glands

Question 39

Factors affecting clearance

Answer 39

Clearance is the rate at which SUBSTANCE are removed from the mouth - salivary film velocity - Location

Question 40

2 types of artificial sweeteners

Answer 40

Bulk caloric/ Low caloric sweeteners High intensity non caloric sweeteners Sweeteners cannot be metabolites by bacteria

Question 41

Name bulk sweeteners

Answer 41

Sucrose fructose glucose lactose

Question 42

Name non caloric high intensity sweeteners

Answer 42

Aspartame cyclamates saccharin sucralose

Question 43

Name Low caloric sweeteners

Answer 43

Mannitol sorbitol xylitol

Question 44

How do side effect of drugs cause xerostomia

Answer 44

May affect ANS control of salivary glands