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Laura’s Histology > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What category of tissues does cartilage and bone fall under

A

Connective tissue
Skeletal connective tissues
Cartilage and bone are both modified rigid forms of connective tissue

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Storage of mineral and lipids like phosphate and calcium ions
Blood cell production in the red bone marrow
Protection

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3
Q

Types of bone cells

A

Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblast

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4
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from what family?

A

Phagocytes

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5
Q

Classify the skeletal connective tissues

A

Bones (axial and appendicular)
Cartilage ( hyaline Fibrocartilage elastic)

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6
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and bone

A

Cartilage is flexible and semi rigid, can withstand compressions forces and also bend slightly
while bone is rigid, because ECM is calcified

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7
Q

Components of all cartilage

A

Cells (chondroblasts , Chondrocytes )
ECM (fibres and ground substance)

Fibres include collagen and elastin
Ground substance is called chondroitin sulphate also called aggrecan

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8
Q

Why can’t cartilage become thick

A

Avascular

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the ECM of cartilage

A

Firm glassy solid gel

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10
Q

What are the differences between ECM in cartilage vs connective tissue proper?

A

In cartilage, firm solid glassy gel
In connective tissue, water, jelly-like

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11
Q

Location of Chondrocytes

A

Lacunae

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12
Q

What is the name of the dense irregular connective tissue surround the cartilage

A

Perichondrium

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13
Q

Function of Perichondrium

A

Mechanical support and protection
Attached the cartilage to other structures

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14
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What is the other type of cartilage that falls under hyaline cartilage and where is it found.

A

Articular cartilage found at joints, doesn’t have Perichondrium

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16
Q

What fibre is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type 2 collagen

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Fibrocartilage

A

No Perichondrium
Strongest durable tough
Dense irregular Collagen fibres
Chondrocytes arranged in rows

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18
Q

What are the characteristic of elastic cartilage

A

Elastic fibres
Flexible
ECM Similar to hyaline
Found at the ear/ epiglottis
Using van gieson stain, can see a lot of black elastic fibres

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19
Q

2 ways in which cartilage grow

A

Interstitial and appositional

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20
Q

What is cartilage for?

A
  • to form the supporting framework of some organs, such as the walls of airways (nose, trachea, larynx and bronchi), where it prevents airway collapse.
  • to form the articulating surfaces of bones, and
  • to form the template for the growth and development of long bones, and most of the rest of the fetal skeleton (gradually replaced by bone).
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21
Q

chondrocytes grow and divide and lay down more matrix inside the existing cartilage. This mainly happens during childhood

A

Interstitial growth of cartilage

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22
Q

new surface layers of matrix are added to the pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts from the perichondrium.

A

Appositional growth of the cartilage

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23
Q

Histological components of bone

A

ECM (ground substance and fibres)
Cells

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24
Q

What’s the ground substance of bone

A

Chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid

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25
Q

What is the fibre in bone

A

Type 1 collagen

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26
Q

What is Osteoid

A

Unmineralised organic component of ECM
Before the ECM is calcified, it’s Osteoid

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27
Q

What is most abundant component of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite (70%)

28
Q

What cells are present in bone

A

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoprogenitor

29
Q

What is the formula for hydroxyapatite

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

30
Q

How do collagen fibres and hydroxyapatite interact

A

Collagen offers flexibility while hydroxyapatite is brittle. Collagen lays the framework for hydroxyapatite crystals to settle in

Calcification occurs only in presence of collagen fibres - salts crystallize in the spaces between the fibres, then accumulate around them.

31
Q

Bones are organs. What else is part of bone

A

Bone tissue
Periosteum which is Connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Nervous tissue
Articular cartilage

32
Q

What are the types of bone

A

Primary bone is woven bone
Replaced by lamellae bone

Two types of mature bone (compact/cortical and spongy/trabecular)

33
Q

Which type of bone is more abundant. Cortical or trabecular?

A

Cortical (80%) and spongy (20%)

34
Q

Where is epiphysis in bone

A

There is the proximal and distal epiphysis, regions at the two ends of the bone

35
Q

What region is the diaphysis

A

The middle portion

36
Q

What is the function of osteoblast

A

Synthesizes and secretes Osteoid

37
Q

What is osteoclasts and what is it’s function

A

Resorts bone , derived from macrophage lineage. They are the only ones NOT derived from Osteoprogenitor stem cells

38
Q

How do osteoclasts work

A

Monocytes in bloodstream collect at the site of resorption. They fuse to form Multinucleated osteoclasts that stick to the surface of the bone and resort .

39
Q

What is the dense fibrous layer outside of bone

A

Periosteum. It is not found in the regions of bone covered by articulated cartilage

40
Q

Endochondral

A

Formation of bone onto a temporary cartilage model (hyaline) or scaffold

41
Q

Intramembranous

A

Formation of bone directly onto fibrous connective tissue, no cartilage stage

42
Q

Describe the process of bone remodelling

A

Bone remodelling is required for growth . When there is mechanical stress, the bones release calcium. There is also hormone control of bones (PTH and calcitonin)

43
Q

How is periodontitis a disorder of bone and cartilage?

A

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disorder.
When osteoclasts > osteoblasts, increased osteoclastogeneisis. Destruction of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament leading to tooth loss

44
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Osteoid doesn’t mineralise enough, bone isn’t rigid. so the bone is weak. Hydroxyapatite most affected.

45
Q

What’s rickets

A

Osteomalacia

46
Q

What is the special characteristic of cancellous bone

A

Cancellous another name for trabecular bone

Trabecular bone does NOT have osteons

47
Q

Describe the structure of spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone

A

No osteons
Contains lamellar bone ie bone is arranged in layers
Spaces between trabeculae occupied by marrow
Lined externally by endosteum

48
Q

Describe the structure of cortical/compact bone

A
49
Q

What is a characteristic of osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated

50
Q

Where are Osteogenic cells found

A

Periosteum or Endosteum

51
Q

Location of osteocytes

A

Within lacunae
Only one osteocytes in each lacunae

52
Q

Narrow passageway between osteocytes for cell cell communication

A

Canaliculi

53
Q

Function of osteocytes

A
  1. Maintain the protein and mineral content of matrix by dissolving the matrix and rebuilding it with new hydroxyapatite crystals
  2. Repair of damage bone. When released from lacunae, osteocytes can convert to a less specialised type of cell
54
Q

Compact bone contains parallel osteons and spongy bone contains trabeculae

A
55
Q

Axial bones

A

Head and thorso so spine, rib cage, skull

56
Q

Appendicular bones

A

Appendages /limbs
Pelvis
Shoulders
Arms and legs

57
Q

Medullary cavity

A

In the middle of disphysis

58
Q

What is the organic and inorganic component of bone

A

Organic - Osteoid (ground substance and collagen fibres)
Inorganic - hydroxyapatite (crystals of calcium phosphate)

59
Q

Describe the structure of an osteon

A

Osteon is also known as haversian system
Middle of osteon there is a central canal
Concentric lamellae

60
Q

Where is circumferential lamellae located

A

Runs along the periosteum

61
Q

Interstitial lamellae location

A

In between osteons

62
Q

What is interstitial lamellae

A

As a result of the continuous resorption and redeposition of bone, complete newly formed Haversian systems are disposed between partly resorbed systems formed earlier. The remnants of lamellae no longer surrounding Haversian canals form irregular interstitial systems between intact Haversian systems.

63
Q

Function of Volkmann’s canal

A

Connect The Central canal with the periosteum so that the bone tissue has blood supply

Also connects central canals to each other

64
Q

What is the structure of trabeculae

A

Endosteum outside
Parallel lamella
No osteon
Osteocytes in lacunae with Canaliculi extending out

65
Q

Appositional vs interstitial growth

A

Appositional growth occurs when chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surfaces and this causes the cartilage to expand and widen. In interstitial growth, chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.

Laura’s Histology (12 decks)

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