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Laura’s Histology > Epithelial Tissues + Glands > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues + Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where is epithelial found

A

Covers all external surfaces and lines internal passageways and chambers, forms glands

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2
Q

What does epithelial tissue include

A

Epithelia and glands

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3
Q

What are glands

A

Glands are structures that produce fluid secretions
They are either derived from epithelia or attached to epithelia

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4
Q

What is the overall functions of epithelial tissues? 4

A

1.physical protection
2.control permeability
3.produce specialised secretions

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5
Q

Common characteristics of ALL epithelial tissues

A
  • Polarity (attached basal,lateral, exposed apical surface)
  • Avascular
  • cellularity (all cells bound tgt tightly with interconnections/junctions)
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6
Q

What is the name of the junction with the protein connexin and how many connexin make a connexon?

A

Gap junctions
6 connexins make a connexon

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7
Q

What are the specialisation of epithelia cell?

A

Cilia
Microvilli
Keratinized

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8
Q

5 types of cell junctions

A

Gap junctions
Adhering junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes

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9
Q

What are the functions of gap junctions?

A

Movement of ions through the gap junctions help coordinate movement like the beating of cilia , coordinate muscle controls too

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10
Q

Where are tight junctions located?

A

Encircle the apical regions of epithelial cells

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11
Q

What are tight junctions also known as?

A

Zona occludens / occluding junctions

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12
Q

Function of tight junctions

A
  • prevent water and solutes from passing between the cells
  • isolate contents of lumen from basolateral surfaces of the cell
  • tight junctions at the apical surface of cells that line digestive tract prevent acids and enzymes from damaging the tissues underneath
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13
Q

What do desmosomes do and why?

A

Links cytoskeletons of adjacent cells to form strong cohesive epithelium. Because most epithelial cells are subject to mechinal stresses and need durable interconnections.
Desmosomes are very strong and can resist stretching and twisting

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14
Q

What are all the proteins involved with the different cell junctions?

A

Claudins, tricellulin,Occludin for tight junction
Cadherin for desmosomes
Integrin, laminins for hemidesmosomes
Cadherin for adhering belt
Connexins for gap junctions

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15
Q

Where in the cell is the adhering belt located

A

In the lateral plasma membrane, immediately below the tight junction

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16
Q

Where is hemidesmosomes found and what is it’s function

A

Found at the basal surface , using protein integrin to link epithelial to basement membrane (basal lamina)

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17
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of (2 parts)

A

Basal Lamina
Reticular lamina

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18
Q

Classify the types of epithelia

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar

Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar

Pseudostratified columnar
Transitional

Glandular epithelia

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19
Q

Function of simple squamous

A

Thin and delicate
Located in places like alveoli and endothelium
Involved in diffusion, Absorption and secretion
Nucleus usually appears squashed

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20
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Handle Mechanical stress from abrasion
Usually keratinized

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21
Q

Locations of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Exposed body surfaces
Living of the mouth oesophagus ants

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22
Q

Microvilli vs cilia

A

Microvilli found mostly in intestine to increase surface area for absorption while cilia is usually found mostly in respiratory tract to move the mucus

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23
Q

What is the protein that helps cilia move

24
Q

Where is pseudostratified Ciliated columnar epithelia found and what is the function

A

Lining the respiratory tract like trachea or bronchi
Function is to secrete then move mucus with cilia

25
Structure of pseudo-stratified columnar eptihelim
All the cells rest on the basal layer
26
Nucleus appearance of simple cuboidal vs columnar
Round in cuboidal oval in columnar + located more towards the base
27
Where is transitional epithelium found
Urinary outflow tract like the bladder, with special features to make it waterproof
28
Distended state vs non-distended state of transitional epithelium
In the non-distended state, basal cells are roughly cuboidal and intermediate cells are umbrella shaped In the distended state, the layers are extremely flattened
29
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release secretions into the blood while exocrine release their secretions directly onto an epithelial surface OR through ducts
30
What do endocrine glands secrete
Hormones
31
What are the two types of secretions
Serous and mucous
32
Types of ducts
Simple tubular simple coiled tubular Simple branched tubular Simple acinar/alveolar Simple branched acinar /alveolar Compound tubular Compound acinar/alveolar
33
3 types of regulation of hormone secretions (endocrine glands)
1. Humoral 2. Hormonal 3. Neural
34
3 methods of secretions
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
35
Classification of exocrine glands
Unicellular like goblet cells Multicellular like all the different types of ducts
36
What is the secretory gland that involved the process of exocytosis
Merocrine/eccrine Proteins are usually the major product Mucin is a Merocrine secretion Sweat glands too
37
Describe apocrine secretions
Discharge free unbroken membrane bound vesicles containing secretory product, involved the loss of cytoplasm. Milk production invoices a combo of merocine and apocrine
38
The secretory cells of sebaceous glands fill with vesicles then ruptured, releasing their contents. Which method of secretion is this?
Holocrine . Holocrine is where there is programmed cell death
39
Sweat glands are what type of glands (shape)
Simple coiled tubular or simple Coiled
40
Carcinoma
Malignant tumours arising from epithelial tissues
41
Why does PAS stain mucous secretions more than serous secretions?
Mucous secretions stain more because it contains more glycoproteins. PAS stains complex carbs and mucins more.
42
What are the three glands in the mouth
Parotid beside/below ear Submandibular Sublingual Numerous minor accessory glands present too
43
Which secretory cell is found in the sublingual gland
Mucous cells
44
Which secretory cells are found in the submandibular gland
Mucous and serous cells
45
What secretory cells is found in the parotid gland
Serous cells, produced a thin watery secretion rich in enzymes and antibodies
46
Why does sublingual gland stain poorly with H&E
Predominantly mucous acini, mucous doesn’t stain well in H&E
47
What type of gland is the parathyroid gland
Endocrine. Hormones PTH is secreted and regulates the calcium levels in the body
48
What is the name of the cell that produces PTH
Chief cells
49
Describe the process of increasing calcium levels by parathyroid hormone
When calcium levels are Low, parathyroid is stimulated. Chief cells produce PTH. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix so calcium in bones to supply to body.
50
What are the parts of the adrenal gland
Outer cortex and inner medulla Outer cortex is made of 3 zones. Remember great friendly rat Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis
51
Pancreas has both exo and endocrine glands. What is the name of the endocrine gland and the cells in the gland? What structure is the exocrine gland?
Exocrine gland forms majority of the pancreas (98%). It is serous acinar. The endocrine gland is called Islets of sugar Alpha cells secret glucagon (increase blood sugar) Beta cells secrete insulin (decrease blood sugar) Delta cells secrete somastatin
52
The hormone secreted by C cells in thyroid gland
Calcitonin
53
What does calcitonin do
Calcitonin decreases calcium levels in blood by inhibiting actions of PTH
54
Unstimulated vs stimulated saliva
Unstimulated saliva is at rest, Low flow rate, produced mainly by submandibular glands. Produced both serous and mucous secretions Stimulate saliva is when chewing. High flow rate. Mainly parotid Glands 50%, serous secretions with a lot of enzymes
55
Contents of both serous and mucous secretions
Serous - enzyme rich - mostly proteins Small amounts of carbs - amylase Mucous - high in carbs Low in proteins - Mucins
56
What type of gland is salivary gland (eccrine,apocrine,Merocrine,Holocrine)
Merocrine because music mode of product secretion is through membrane vesicles, exocytosis
57
Where are the main sites of action for insulin
Liver, muscle tissue and adipose tissue

Laura’s Histology (12 decks)

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