Oral Cavity & Tooth Development (Exam III) Flashcards
What is the oral cavity bound by superiorly?
Hard & soft palate
What is the oral cavity bound by inferiorly?
Tongue & floor of mouth
What is the oral cavity bound by anteriorly & laterally?
Teeth (dental arcade)
What is the oral cavity bound by posteriorly?
Oropharynx
Area enclosed between lips & teeth:
Vestibule
Transitional zone between external haired skin & internal oral mucosa:
Vermillion border
Color of the vermillion border is derived from:
Highly vascular dermis & thin overlying keratinized epidermis
_____ refers to the color of the lips
Vermillion
The lips are red because the overlying epidermis is very thin, allowing the _____ of the underlying dermis to show through:
Blood vessels
What type of cells make up the thin epidermis of the vermillion border:
Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium
Lips lack:
Sweat & sebaceous glands
Lips are highly sensitive due to:
Rich sensory innervation
Oral cavity responsibilities: (3)
1- ingestion
2- fragmentation
3- moistening of food
Involves cutting, chewing & grinding of food by occlusal surfaces of teeth:
Mastication
Mastication is assisted by:
Lips, tongue, salivary glands (3)
Food material chopped up by teeth & covered in saliva to make it easier to swallow:
Bolus
Swallowing is also referred to as:
Deglutition
In addition the digestive functions of the oral cavity- the oral cavity is also involved in: (4)
1- speech
2- facial expression
3- sensory perception
4- respiration
Because the lips lack sweat & sebaceous glands they require:
Constant moistening
Critical for outcome of interactions- produced by the oral cavity:
Facial expressions
Non-keratinized mucosa found on inner cheeks, floor mouth, inferior surface of tongue & soft palate:
Lining mucosa
List the locations of lining mucosa: (4)
1- inner cheeks
2- floor of mouth
3- inferior surface of tongue
4- soft palate
The lining mucosa lacks:
Stratum corneum
The lining mucosa is:
Non-keratinized
Why must the lining mucosa be kept moist?
Because it lacks a stratum corneum
Present in areas of high abrasion:
Masticatory mucosa
List two example of areas of high abrasion in which masticatory mucosa would be located:
1- gingiva
2- hard palate
Masticatory mucosa is ______ or _______
Keratinized or Parakeratinized
When cells of the stratum corneum do not lose their nuclei they are said to be:
Parakeritinized
Thicker epithelium that has living cells on the epithelial surface- cross between keratinized & non-keratinized
Parakeratinized
Restricted to the dorsal surface of the tongue; keratinized:
Specialized mucosa
In regards to the tongue, where is specialized mucosa located:
Dorsal surface of tongue
Is specialized mucosa of the tongue keratinized or nonkeratinized?
Keratinized
The tongue is a _____ organ composed of interlacing ____ fibers:
Muscular organ; skeletal muscle
______ are scattered throughout the tongue:
Accessory salivary glands
What is between the musculature layers of the tongue?
Lamina propria
Because the fibers of the tongue are are arranged in multiple planes, this provides:
High range of motion
The tongue functions in:
Manipulation of food
The tongue assists with:
Speaking
The accessory salivary glands that are scattered throughout the tongue are in what layer?
Lamina propria between skeletal muscle layers
The tongue is innervated by:
Various cranial nerves
List the cranial nerves providing innervation of the tongue:
5, 7, 9, 10, 12
What cranial nerve provides general sensation anterior to the sulcus terminals?
Cranial nerve V
What cranial nerve provides taste?
Cranial nerve VII
What cranial nerve provides general sensation & taste posterior to the sulcus terminalis:
Cranial nerve IX
What cranial nerve provides taste & perhaps motor as well?
Cranial nerve X
What cranial nerve provides motor to the oral cavity?
Cranial nerve XII
The tongue is supported inferiorly by the:
Frenulum
Thin band of connective tissue anchoring tongue to the floor of the mouth
Frenulum
Embryologically, the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is derived from:
Ectoderm
Embryologically, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is derived from:
Pharynx (mesoderm)
The anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 of the tongue is separated by a groove called the:
Sulcus terminalis
Both the anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 of the tongue are covered by:
Stratified squamous epithelium
The stratified squamous of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is:
Not keratinized
The stratified squamous epithelium of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is:
Keratinized
What anatomical feature prevents the tongue from flipping backwards & occluding the larynx?
Frenulum
The sulcus terminalis is a result of:
Embryological origins of the tongue
Most numerous papillae of the tongue?
Filiform papillae
Keratinized, short bristles, that are distributed in parallel rows (papillae):
Filiform papillae
The Filiform papillae lack _____ & are primarily _____
Tastebuds; tactile
Mushroom-shaped papillae, scattered among the Filiform papillae:
Fungiform papillae
Where are the tastebuds located on the Fungiform papillae?
Dorsal surface
Papillae located in furrows/ridges on the lateral portion of the tongue:
Foliate papillae
Location of tastebuds on foliate papillae:
Lateral portion
What are associated with the salivary glands (Von Ebner’s glands) at the base of the papillae:
Foliate Papillae
What type of salivary glands are foliate papillae associated with?
Von Ebner’s salivary glands
Describe foliate papillae in humans:
Rudimentary in humans
Contain tastebuds in children & degenerate with age
Row of 8-12 large dome-shaped papillae:
Circumvallate papillae
Where are circumvillate papillae located?
Immediately anterior to the sulcus terminalis
Circumvallate are surrounded by _____ containing _____
Moat-like sulcus containing large number of taste buds laterally around the base
In addition to the foliate papillae, what additional type of papillae are associated with the salivary glands (Von Ebner’s) at the base of the papillae?
Circumvillate papillae
Circumvillate papillae refers to a ____ sulcus that surrounds the papillae:
A mobilized sulcus
In humans, tastebuds are located on the ______ of the tongue
Papillae
What papillae are not associate with tastebuds:
Filiform
Adults have 3,000-10,000 tastebuds & past the age of 45 many of these:
Degenerate
The degeneration of tastebuds is responsible for:
Changes in taste with age
Tastebuds are also scattered over:
Palate, pharynx & epiglottis
Oval tastebuds consist of up to 20-30 spindle-shaped central:
Taste cells
Another name for taste cells:
Gustatory cells
Taste cells contain:
Terminal taste hairs
What is the shape of the taste cells?
Spindle-shaped
Taste hairs projects from the ______ in to a central _____
Surface of the cell; central taste pore
The taste hairs are covered by a ______ to protect & moisten
Glycoprotein coat
Taste hairs are surrounded by:
Substentacular cells & basal cells
Describe the lifespan of taste cells:
Continuously lost & replaced around every ten days
Taste cells are associated with:
Myelinated nerve endings
Taste buds are innervated by fibers from:
Cranial nerve VII, IX, X
What are the four basic tastes:
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty
Each taste cell contains receptors for _______but individuals taste buds contains ______
Only one taste; mixture of taste cells
What type of taste receptors are concentrated on Circumvallate papillae
Bitter
What acts as a carrier for taste?
Saliva
Fifth taste that was recently discovered:
Umami
Umami is associated with:
Circumvillate papillae
Umami can be described as:
Savory
Umami taste cells detect certain ______ including _____ & _____
Amino acids; glutamate & aspartame
Glutamate & aspartate are characteristic of:
Asparagus, tomatoes, beef, cheese & MSG
Contain greater than normal numbers of circumvillate papillae:
Super-tasters
Super-tasters are more sensitive to:
Bitter tastes
Recent studies have shown evidence for a 6th taste for:
Fat
There is a _____ for taste
Genetic basis
Example of a genetic basis for taste
PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide)
What determines if you can taste PTC?
What are the names of the individuals who can vs. can’t:
If you have a gene for PTC
Tasters vs. non-tasters
Taste influences:
Food preferences
A decreased ability to detect taste:
Hypogeusia
Heredity condition characterized by total absence of tastebuds:
Type I familial dysautonomia
In the posterior tongue- the underlying mucosa in the caudal 1/3 is a mass of:
Lymphoid tissue
The underlying mucosa in the caudal 1/3 of the posterior tongue is a mass of lymphoid tissue called:
Lingual tonsil
The lingual tonsil is similar to _______ & ______ in structure & function:
Palatine & pharyngeal tonsils
Tonsils are located in a ring around the:
Nasopharynx
The tonsils are located in a ring around the Nasopharynx collectively referred to as:
Waldeyer’s rings
Waldeyer’s ring functions to:
Protect respiratory & digestive tract
Extension of posterior free margin of soft palate:
Uvula
The uvula is an extension of:
Posterior free margin of soft palate
The uvula has a central core of:
Skeletal muscle
The uvula is covered by:
Lining mucosa
The lining mucosa covering the uvula consists of large numbers of:
Submucosa (palatine) glands
The supposed function of the uvula is:
Preventing food from entrance into the nasal cavity during swallowing
Distributed throughout the submucosa of the oral cavity
Salivary glands
List the three major pairs of the salivary glands:
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Largest salivary gland, located on the cheeks & almost completely serous
Parotid
Where are the parotid salivary glands located?
On the cheeks
The parotid gland is completely:
Serous
Stenson’s duct is the:
Parotid duct
The parotid duct opens within the:
Vestibule
Location of the parotid duct
Opposite the upper 2nd molars
Salivary gland located below the tongue that is mostly mucous
Sublingual
The sublingual salivary gland is mostly:
Mucous
Salivary gland located inferior & medial to the ramus of the mandible
Submandibular
The submandibular salivary gland is what type of gland?
Mixed
Wharton’s duct is another name for:
Submandibular duct
The submandibular duct opens at the:
Sublingual caruncle
Numerous smaller _____ are scatter throughout the oral mucosal
Accessory glands
List five accessory glands that are scattered throughout the oral mucosa:
Lingual, labial, buccal, molar & palatine glands
Which salivary gland is one that you often palpate?
Submandibular gland
Salivary gland that contains both serous & mucous acini:
Submandibular gland
Compound branched tubuloacinar glands
Salivary glands
The secretory unit of a salivary gland is:
Acinus
What type of cells surround the acini?
Myoepithelial cells
What is the function of the myoepithelial cells that surround the acini of salivary glands?
Contraction aids in secretions of saliva into ducts
Acini can be _____ or _____
Serous
Mucous
Serous acinus of mixed glands are often in the form of:
Demilunes
Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium- secrete HCO3 & resorb Cl
Intercalated ducts of salivary glands
What are intercalated ducts of salivary glands lined by?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Intercalated ducts of salivary glands secrete _____ & resorb ____
HCO3
Cl
The basic histological makeup of salivary glands consists of:
Acinar glands & ductal components
The ductal components of salivary glands can be divided into what three components:
Intercalated ducts, striated ducts, excretory ducts
Ducts within salivary glands that are simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
Striated ducts
What makes the striated ducts of epithelial cells striated?
Posses basal striations due to folding of plasma membrane
Striated ducts possess _____ due to folding of the _____
Basal striations; plasma membrane
What is the function of the striated ducts within salivary glands? (3)
Resorb Na
Secrete K into saliva
Secrete lysozyme & IgA
Striated ducts of the salivary glands empty into larger:
Excretory ducts
Type of cells that comprise excretory ducts:
Stratified cuboidal or psuedostratified columnar epithelium
___________ inhibits aqueous secretion resulting in thick, viscous saliva rich in protein
Sympathetic stimulation
Results in copious watery saliva
Parasympathetic simulation
The three major components of saliva:
Water, glycoproteins & proteins
The enzyme within saliva responsible for converting starch to sugar:
Amylase
The enzyme within saliva responsible for antibacterial properties
Lysozyme
Antibody contained within saliva:
IgA
Inorganic ions within saliva include:
Calcium, phosphate and chlorine
Saliva is high in _____ & ____ & low in ____
K & bicarbonate
Na
Average saliva production in humans per day:
600-1500 ml/day
Six main functions of saliva include:
1- _____ oral mucosa & dry food
2- provides _______ for sense of taste
3- ______ through high ____ content
4- digestion of ___ via _____
5- _____ function through secretion of salivary IgA
6- Control of _____
1- moistens
2- carrier medium
3- buffering; bicarbonate
4- carbohydrates; amylase
5- Immunologic
6- bacterial flora
Proteins in saliva cover teeth with _______
Acquired pellicle
Proteins in saliva cover teeth with acquired pellicle in order to:
Control bacterial flora
Saliva contains ____ that prevent tooth decay
Antibodies
Decreased salivary production:
Exacerbates tooth decay
Why when your nervous do you get dry mouth?
Sympathetic stimulation
What is the primary component of saliva?
Water
Where does digestion start?
Oral cavity
What causes the potassium level to be high and the sodium level to be low in saliva?
Intercalated ducts & striated ducts
Saliva is high in bicarb which is trying to buffer the:
Acidic content of the stomach
The protein coating made from saliva that helps to prevent tooth decay
Acquired pellicle
Teeth are grossly divided into:
Root & crown
Portion of tooth embedded in bone is called:
Tooth root
The tooth root lays in part of the jaw called the:
Alveolar ridge
The alveolar ridge lays within the tooth socket called the:
Alveolus
Portion of the tooth that’s projects into the oral cavity:
Crown
The crown of the tooth is protected by a layer of highly mineralized:
Enamel
Hard translucent substance that containing less than 1% organic material & 96-98% of hydroxyapatite
Enamel
Enamel contains very little _____ and is almost entirely made up of ____
Organic material
Hydroxyapatite
Enamel is _____ in origin
Ectodermal
Enamel is secreted by tall, columnar _____of ______
Ameloblasts of enamel organ
Describe the ameloblasts that secrete enamel:
Tall, columnar
The apical, secretory end of 5the ameloblasts forms a single large process called the:
Tome’s process
Tome’s process is formed by the ________ of ameloblast
Apical, secretory end
Enamel mineralization is _______ resulting in highly calcified enamel rods or prisms
Non-uniform
Because enamel mineralization is non-uniform it results in:
Highly calcified enamel rods or prisms
The highly calcified enamel rods/prisms are ______ in shape
Roughly hexagonal
The enamel rods/prisms are separated by less mineralized:
Interprismatic material
Enamel rods extend from ameloblasts at ______ to ______
Enamel surface to dentino-enamel junction
The bulk of the tooth is composed of less mineralized:
Dentine
Dentine is ____ in origin
Mesodermal
Dentine is secreted by ____ of _____ as non-mineralized ______
Odontoblasts
Dental papilla
Pre-dentine
Dentine is chemically similar to _______ but more _____
Bone; mineralized
Dentine is comprised of around 70% _______
Hydroxyapatite crystals
In addition to hydroxyapapite crystals, Dentine also contains:
Type I collagen & GAGs
Dentine is arranged in:
Dentine tubules
Hollow parallele tubules radiating from the pulp cavity:
Dentine tubules
Dentine tubules radiate out from the:
Pulp cavity
Long cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts contained within the pulp cavity:
Tome’s fibers
Dentin is initially secreted in a ____ form that is later ___
Unmineralized form
Mineralized
Central portion of the crown and roots that contain support structures
Pulp cavity
Support structures within the pulp cavity of the tooth include:
Sensory nerves & blood vessels
Dentine is interacted by:
Myelinated nerves
Dental pulp is ____ in origin
Mesodermal
Dental pulp resembles:
Primitive mesenchyme
What is dental pulp made of: (4)
1- stellate fibroblasts
2- collagen
3- ground substance
4- reticular fibers
Dental pulp is richly supplied by:
Capillaries from arterioles running with periodontal ligament
Richly supplied by capillaries from arterioles running with the periodontal ligament
Dental pulp
The tooth root is covered by a thin layer of:
Cementum
Cementum is ____ in origin
Mesodermal
Amorphous, collagen-based, calcified tissue that covered the tooth root
Cementum
Cementum is 45-50% comprised of _______
Hydroxyapatite
Cementum is manufactured by ____ that later mature into _____
Cementoblasts
Cementocytes
Cementoblasts & cementocytes are structurally & functionally similar to:
Osteoblast & osteocytes
Immature form of cementocytes:
Cementoblasts
The cementum layer anchored to the bone of alveolus with fiber of the:
Periodontal ligament
The periodontal ligament/membrane is composed of:
Dense collagenous fibers called sharpeys fibers
The dense collagenous fibers that comprise the periodontal ligament/membrane
Sharpeys fibers
Run at an oblique angle & support the tooth in the socket
Sharpeys fibers
Allows form slight movement of the tooth during mastication
Periodontal ligament
Clusters of epithelial cells occasionally seen within the periodontal ligament:
Vestigial epithelial rests of Malassez
The periodontal ligament allows for a little bit of rocking/rotation of the teeth to allow for better:
Occlusal contact or grinding
Region of the tooth between the root & crown is known as the:
Neck of the tooth
The neck of the tooth is protected by masticatory oral mucosa called the:
Gingiva
Gingiva is:
Masticatory oral mucosa that protects the neck of the tooth
The gingiva covers the upper portion of the:
Alveolar ridge
The two subcategories of gingiva include:
Attached gingiva & free gingiva
Gingiva that covers the upper alveolar bone:
Attached gingiva
Gingiva that forms the cuff around the neck of the tooth
Free gingiva
Space between the free gingiva & crown is called the:
Gingival sulcus or crevice
The gingival sulcus (crevice) is lined by:
Crevicular epithelium
Describe the crevicular epithelium:
Very thin- only 2-3 cells thick
Because the crevicular epithelium lining the gingival sulcus (crevice) is very thin, this allows it to be:
Easily breached by bacteria
When the crevicular epithelium is breached by bacteria this leads to:
Periodontal disease called gingivitis
Tissues that surround & support the tooth are collectively referred to as the:
Periodontium
The periodontium includes (4):
Epithelium, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone
A tooth is formed between:
Two opposing layers of epithelial cells
The two opposing layers of epithelial cells that a tooth is formed between:
Ameloblasts of the enamel organ & odontoblasts of dental papilla
Origin of enamel
Ectodermal
Dentine, cementum, pulp & periodontal ligament are all of ____ origin
Mesodermal
Around the ______ week of development a horseshoe-shaped epithelial ridge arises form oral epithelial
Sixth
What arises around the week of fetal development
A horseshoe shaped epithelial ridge
Around the sixth week of development, the horseshoe-shaped epithelial ridge arises from:
Oral epithelium
The hotshot-shaped ridge that arises around the 6th week of development forms the ______ in the position of ______
Dental lamina
Future jaws
In each quadrant, lamina develops several:
Globular ectodermal swellings
One globular ectodermal swelling forms for:
Each deciduous tooth
The superficial half of the globular ectodermal swelling forms:
Enamel organs
The deep half of the globular, ectodermal swellings forms:
Dental papilla
The lamina develops several globular ectodermal swellings: (location)
In EACH quadrant
The enamel organ is initially _____ shaped in the ____ stage
Cup-shaped; cap stage
Cells of the enamel organ progressively differentiate & become _______ with ______
Stellate reticulum with extracellular matrix of GAGs
Cells of what origin differentiate into stellate reticulum with the extracellular matrix of GAGs
Enamel origin
The stellate reticulum later forms a ____ shaped structure during the _____ stage
Bell-shaped; bell stage
During the bell stage of odontogenesis:
the cells lining the outer, convex surface of enamel organ become the _______
The cells lining the concave surface of the enamel organ form the ______
External enamel epithelium
Internal enamel epithelium
During the bell stage of odontogenesis, the internal enamel epithelium differentiate into:
Tall, columnar ameloblasts
The process of enamel formation:
Amelogenesis
Describe the ameloblast & odontoblast layers & what happens here:
Ameloblast layer & odontoblast layer are in direct opposition of eachother & the tooth will form between these two layers
Deep to the developing enamel organs is ______ that develops into _____
Primitive mesenchyme; dental papilla
Where is the location of the primitive mesenchyme that develops into dental papilla?
Deep to the developing enamel organs
Cells lining the convex surface of the dental papilla develop into:
Odontoblasts
The process of Dentine formation:
Dentinogenesis
What teeth form in between the directly opposing ameloblast & odontoblasts layers?
The future incisors, canines & molars of primary dentition
Development of ameloblasts induced differentiation of ____
Odontoblasts
Development of _____ induces differentiation of odontoblasts
Ameloblasts
What induces the deposition of enamel?
Calcification
Development of ameloblasts induces differentiation of odontoblasts, but calcification of ____ induces deposition of ____
Dentin; enamel
Tooth formation is initiated by deposition of organic _______ by ______
Pre-Dentine; odontoblast
The deposition of organic pre-Dentine by odontoblasts to initiate tooth formation occurs on the surface of:
Dental papilla
Pre-Dentine is lateral calcified into:
Dentine
Calcification of dentine matrix secondarily induces:
Enamel production by ameloblasts
Odontoblasts have _______ embedded in the dentine matrix
Odontoblast processes
The odontoblast processes embedded in the dentine matrix form:
Dentine tubules
Enamel forms in mineralized columns of _____ separated by less mineralized ________
Enamel rods; interprismatic material
Subsequent to deposit of dentine & enamel, what happens to the dental lamina?
The dental lamina fragments & atrophies
What occurs at the time of tooth eruption?
The enamel organ & ameloblasts degenerate
When the tooth erupts what happens to the overlying mucosa?
It separates, exposing the crown
During tooth eruption, the dental papilla _______ to become the _____ that is surrounded by _____
Shrinks; dental pulp; dentine
What shrinks to become the dental pulp?
Dental papilla
After tooth eruption you no longer have the ability to:
Modify or repair it
After tooth formation is complete, small amounts of _____ continue to be produced
Secondary dentine
The small amounts of secondary dentine that continues to be produced following the completion of tooth formation maybe eventually:
Obliterate the pulp cavity
What determines the 3D shape of the tooth crown?
Overall shape of the enamel organ
The outter rim of the enamel is known as:
Epithelial sheath of Hertwig
The epithelial sheath of Hertwig may also be called:
Hertwig’s root sheath
What is responsible for determining the cross-sectional outline of the tooth:
Epithelial sheath of Hertwig (outter rim of enamel organ)
The surrounding mesenchyme of the enamel organ forms the _____ which further forms the _____
Dental follicle; periodontal ligament
Surrounding mesenchyme of the dental follicle=
Periodontal ligament
Enamel organs of permanent teeth develop as buds from the:
Dental lamina & deciduous enamel organ
_____ develop as buds from the dental lamina & deciduous enamel organ
Enamel organs of permanent teeth
In the case of ____, the dental lamina proliferates caudally to form enamel organs of secondary dentition
Molars
In the case of molars, the dental lamina proliferates ______ to form the enamel organs of _____
Caudally; secondary dentition
In humans tooth development begins:
The 6th week of fetal development
Tooth eruption in humans does not occur until:
6-30 months after birth
of primary (deciduous) teeth:
20
In each quadrant there are ____ incisors, ____ canines, & _____ molars
2, 1, 2
of roots on the incisors & canines
1 root each
The premolars usually have _____ roots
Two
The molars usually have ____ roots
2-4
Between the ages of 6-12, what occurs to the teeth?
The deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent dentition
How many permanent incisors, canines, and premolar are in each quadrant?
2, 1, 2
Why doesn’t tooth eruption doesn’t start until 6-30 months after birth?
To give baby time to feed off mother
When this drug is administered during the development of permanent detention it causes yellow discoloration of teeth- what drug is this & how does it do that?
Tetracycline- its incorporated into the enamel
Distally we get further development of _____ that erupt at 6, 12, & 18 years of age leading to a total of ____ teeth
3 molars
32 teeth
Human dental formula
I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3
Last tooth to erupt:
3rd molar
Most commonly there is not enough room in the jaw so the 3rd molar often times becomes ______ and results in the need to be ____
Impacted; removed
In the dental formula, the number in the numerator represents the teeth of the _____ while the number in the denominator represents the teeth in the _____
Upper jaw, lower jaw
All teeth are similar in:
Homodont dentition
Incisors are modified for:
Cutting & biting
Canines are modified for:
Puncturing & holding
Premolars & molars are generally used for:
Grinding
_____ allows lateral & anterior-posterior motion that is important in chewing & grinding
TMJ
Raised points on occlusal surfaces of molars & premolars are known as:
Cusps
The cusps on molars & premolars include (3)
Protocone
Metacone
Paracone
Flattened posterior surface of lower molars is known as:
Talonid
Premolars & molars can be low crowned or _____ in omnivores, or may be very tall, high crowned _____ as in herbivores
Bunodont
Hypsodont
Premolars can be sometimes modified as shearing teeth & this is called _____ and is often seen in _____
Carnassials; carnivores
Teeth continuously erupt throughout the lifetime of a animal with hypsodont dentition so this allows us to:
Predict age based on wear pattern of enamel
Superhypsadont dentition is characterized by ______ and is seen in _____
Continuous root growth
Rodents
Premolars will not come together for grinding purposes- instead there will be an _____ from upper & lower teeth to form a kind of scissor action
Opposing slant
A tooth plate in which all of the teeth fuse together in a solid mass is referred to as a _____ & is very effective for grinding in dinosaurs
Dental battery
Multitiberculates had a distinct dentition involving more anterior/posterior slack that created a ____ motion when eating
Mill wheel
The most commonly seen dental disorders include:
Abnormal eruption & misalignment
_____ is accomplished by osteoblast & osteoclast activity in the alveolus
Orthodontia
Orthodontia is accomplished by _____ & _____ activity in the ____
Osteoblast & osteoclast; alveolus
Results when weak acids in foods & drink erode calcified enamel
Dental caries
Dental caries are augmented by:
Bacterial action
_____ helps to harden the enamel & kills bacteria
Fluoride
Caries may extend into the dentine or pulp cavity which may produce ______ or ______
Abcesses or death of the tooth
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can cause _____ by etching away at the enamel if taken on a daily basis in the chewable form
Dental caries
A root canal is necessary when:
The Carie’s extend into the pulp cavity & cause abcesses or death of the tooth
Caused by accumulation of calcified food & bacterial debris (plaque) in the gingival sulcus:
Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease leads to: (3)
1- widening of the gingival sulcus
2- possible inflammation
3- destruction of the periodontal ligament
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the periodontal ligament
Periodontitis
Flossing decreases the accumulation of food & bacteria in the:
Gingival sulcus
