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Histology > GI Tract (Exam III) > Flashcards

GI Tract (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

Name of canal that extends from oral cavity to anus

A

Alimentary canal

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2
Q

Five phases of food breakdown:

A

1- ingestion
2- fragmentation
3- digestion
4- absorption
5- elimination

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3
Q

_____ occurs in the oral cavity, accompanied by _____; resulting in ____ formation

A

ingestion; fragmentation, bolus

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4
Q

Stomach completes ______ & initiates ______

A

fragmentation; digestion

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5
Q

Contractions of smooth in GI system

A

peristalsis

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6
Q

Peristalsis occurs under the control of:

A

Autonomic control

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7
Q

In the duodenum, what do pancreatic & biliary secretions do?

A

Emulsification of fat

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8
Q

Where does emulsification of fat occur?

A

In duodenem

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9
Q

What occurs in the jejunum & ileum?

A

Primary absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

What occurs in the colon?

A

respiration of water & elimination of waste

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11
Q

The muscular tube of the GI tract is lined by:

A

Mucus membrane

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12
Q

There are a large number of ____ associated with the GI tract

A

glands

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13
Q

List three glands of the GI tract

A

1- liver glands
2- pancreas glands
3- intestinal glands

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14
Q

The liver, pancreas, & intestinal glands all have what in common?

A

All embryological outgrowths of the GI tract

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15
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue scattered throughout the GI tract

A

MALT
GALT

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16
Q

What are the four distinct layers of the GI tract?

A

1- mucosa
2- submucosa
3- muscularis externa
4- adventitia (serosa)

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17
Q

The mucosa has three overall functions including:

A

1- protection
2- secretion
3- absorption

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18
Q

Different types of mucosa are modified for:

A

Different functions

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19
Q

The mucosa of the GI tract is subdivided into three layers including:

A

1- epithelium
2- lamina propria
3- muscularis mucosae

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20
Q

Layer of mucosa that has secretory & absorptive functions

A

epithelium

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21
Q

the ____ layer of the mucosa has different modifications at different levels of the GI tract

A

epithelium

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22
Q

Layer of mucosa -thin underlying connective tissue layer

A

lamina propria

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23
Q

What are some components of the lamina proprietary (4):

A

1- lymphoid nodules
2- glands
3- blood vessels
4- lymphatics

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24
Q

Layer of mucosa- thin layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

The layer mucosa that acts as a boundary between the mucosa & submucosa

A

muscularis mucosae

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26
Q

What does the muscularis mucosae act as a boundary between?

A

mucosa & submucosa

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27
Q

Large numbers of ____ & ____ cells in the lamina propria

A

Lymphocytes & plasma cells (immune surveillance)

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28
Q

Layer of the gut- loose to dense irregular connective tissue layer beneath the muscularis mucosae

A

submucosa

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29
Q

Layer of the gut responsible for supporting the mucosa

A

submucosa

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30
Q

List the components of the submucosa

A

larger blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics

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31
Q

inner circular & outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers of the gut

A

muscularis externa

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32
Q

The muscularis externa may also be called

A

muscularis propria

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33
Q

The smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis externa are oriented at:

A

right angles to one another

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34
Q

The inner circular layer of the muscularis externa (propria) contains fibers:

A

fibers going circumferential around the gut

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35
Q

The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa contains:

A

muscle fibers oriented at right angles to one another

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36
Q

The local contractions that result in mixing of food in the gut

A

segmentation

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37
Q

Segmentation occurs both ____ & ____ in either direction

A

proximally & distally

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38
Q

Propels food only in the distal direction

A

peristalsis

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39
Q

Overall effect is like kneading bread dough that results in mixing food with digestive secretions but NOT pushing food down the gut

A

segmentation

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40
Q

When talking about peristalsis another term we can use the direction that the food is pushed is _____ which means ____

A

aborally- meaning away from mouth toward anus

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41
Q

Describe the contractions of peristalsis

A

Forceful & organized

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42
Q

Outer loose connective tissue layer of the gut that contains major nerves, vessels & adipose tissue

A

adventitia

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43
Q

The adventitia within the abdominal cavity is referred to as:

A

serosa or visceral perioteneum

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44
Q

The adventitia in the gut (serosa/visceral peritoneum) is continuous with:

A

supporting mesentary

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45
Q

The adventitia of the gut (serosa/visceral peritoneum) is lined by:

A

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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46
Q

In other areas, the adventitia (serosa/visceral peritoneum) merges with:

A

retroperitoneal tissue

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47
Q

The smooth & shiny surface of the gut

A

adventitia (serosa/visceral peritoneum)

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48
Q

The smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by:

A

the autonomic nervous system

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49
Q

the parasympathetic stimulation of the smooth muscle of the gut results in:

A

excitatory

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50
Q

the sympathetic stimulation of the smooth muscle of the gut results in:

A

inhibitory

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51
Q

The parasympathetic motor nerves synapse with:

A

ganglia located near the effector organ

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52
Q

Parasympathetic nerves synapse with:

A

ganglia near the effector organ

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53
Q

in the GI tract, ganglia are located:

A

within the wall of gut (within submucosa & muscularis externa)

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54
Q

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within the submucosa:

A

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)

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55
Q

What type of ganglia comprise the meissner’s plexus:

A

parasympathetic

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56
Q

Larger clusters of ganglia located between inner circular & outter longitudinal muscular layers:

A

myenteric or Auerbachs plexus

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57
Q

Short, muscular tube lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

A

esophagus

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58
Q

What type of cells line the esophagus

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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59
Q

In the upper third of the esophagus, the muscular externa is composed of:

The middle third of the esophagus is composed of:

The lower third of the esophagus is composed of:

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

skeletal & smooth muscle

smooth muscle only

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60
Q

Due to the muscle makeup of the esophagus swallowing occurs in the upper third made of ______ muscle so it is ______. Vomiting occurs in the lower one third of esophagus so it is ______

A

skeletal muscle; voluntary

smooth muscle; involuntary

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61
Q

Where is the gastropesophageal sphincter located?

A

gastroesophageal junction between the stomach & esophagus

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62
Q

heartburn:

A

pyrosis

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63
Q

pyrosis is due to regurgitation of _____ into the ______ from the cardia from the ____ of the stomach

A

stomach acid
distal esophagus
cardia

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64
Q

Regions of the stomach (3):

A

1- cardia
2- fundus
3- pylorus

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65
Q

The cardia is surrounded by a:

A

smooth muscle cardiac sphincter

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66
Q

the smooth muscle cardiac sphincter that surrounds the cardia is known as the:

A

gastropesophageal sphincter

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67
Q

Adjacent to the esophagus- contains predominantly muscous-secreting glands

A

cardiac sphincter (gastroesophageal sphincter)

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68
Q

The glandular portion of the stomach

A

fundus

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69
Q

the funds secretes (3)

A

1- acid
2- pepsin
3- some mucous

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70
Q

Some texts differentiate the fundus from the ______
Both are glandular but the fundus is closer to the _____ & the ____ is closer to the _____

A

corpus
cardia
corpus; pylorus

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71
Q

Part of the stomach containing primarily mucous & gastrin secreting glands

A

pylorus

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72
Q

The smooth muscle ______ controls outflow from the stomach into the duodenem

A

pyloric sphincter

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73
Q

Loss of stomach/duodenal epithelium/mucosa

A

peptic/gastric ulcer

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74
Q

an ulcer occurs when damage extends below the level of the _____ & ______ leading to bleeding

A

basement membrane & lamina propria

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75
Q

partial loss of the epithelium in the stomach but does not lead to bleeding

A

erosion

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76
Q

what is the treatment for peptic/gastric ulcers

A

antacids, Tagamet, cimetidine

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77
Q

the term peptic ulcers houses:

A

stomach & duodenal ulcers

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78
Q

ulcers are frequently associated with:

A

chronic infection with helicobacter pylori

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79
Q

Helicobacter pylori produce ____ resulting in _____ & secondarily leading to _____

A

urease; increased gastric pH; increased acid production

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80
Q

Treatment of helicobacter pylori includes:

A

Triple therapy

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81
Q

The triple therapy used to treat helicobacter pylori includes:

A

two long-term antibiotic & proton pump inhibitor

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82
Q

Distensible organ used for food storage

A

stomach

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83
Q

how many chambers does the stomach have in most animals?

A

one

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84
Q

in the stomach food undergoes mechanical breakdown via ___ & chemical breakdown via _____ to form _____

A

muscular activity
gastric secretions
chyme

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85
Q

In addition to the inner circular & outer longitudinal layers of the stomach, there is also a:

A

Third inner oblique layer in the muscular exrterna

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86
Q

little ______ occurs in the stomach

what are the exceptions:

A

absorption

water, alcohol, & some drugs (aspirin)

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87
Q

the stomach lining contains prominent longitudinal folds called:

A

rugae

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88
Q

In the glandular body of the stomach (fundus), mucosa contains prominent:

A

gastric pits called foveolae

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89
Q

The gastric pits in the mucosa (foveolae) of the fundus forms the entrance to:

A

gastric glands

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90
Q

The gastric glands of the fundus are:

A

straight tubular glands

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91
Q

The gastric glands of the stomach secrete around:

A

2 liters of watery gastric juice/day

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92
Q

The watery gastric juice secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach contains:

(what makes up the gastric juice & at what pH)

A

1- HCL (pH=1)
2. Pepsinogen

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93
Q

Pepsinogen is an ______ of _______

A

inactive precursor of pepsin

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94
Q

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of:

A

HCL

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95
Q

In addition to the pepsinogen & HCL what other components are found in the gastric juices of the stomach:

A

gastrin
rennin
lipase

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96
Q

How can the mucosa of the stomach tolerate the harsh environment of the stomach?

A

protected by a thick layer of mucus

97
Q

Gastric glands contain how many types of cells?

Name them:

A

5 classes
- mucous secreting cells
- acid secreting cells
- pepsin secreting cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- undifferentiated stem cells

98
Q

The mucous secreting cells of the gastric glands look ____ on H&E

A

Clear

99
Q

The mucus-secreting cells of the gastric glands cover the:

A

luminal surface & upper third of pit

100
Q

How often are the mucus secreting cells removed?

A

Every 3-5/4-7 days

101
Q

Type of cell that secretes thick INSOLUBLE mucous & bicarbonate ions- where are they located?

A

surface mucus cells

(located on surface)

102
Q

Type of cell that secretes SOLUBLE mucous- where are they located?

A

mucus neck cell

(located in upper third of put, at neck of gastric gland)

103
Q

Which mucous-secreting cells of the gastric glands have direct contact with stomach acid?

A

surface mucus cells

104
Q

Acid secreting cells are a type of gastric gland cell that may also be called:

A

Parietal cells or oxyntic cells

105
Q

Acid secreting cells (parietal cells/oxyntic cells) secrete: ____ & _____

A

HCL & intrinsic factor

106
Q

The HCL & intrinsic factor secreted by acid secreting cells of the gastric gland is necessary for:

A

Absorption of vitamin B12 from the ileum

107
Q

The acid-secreting cells (parietal/oxyntic) are most numerous in the:

A

middle third of the gastric gland

108
Q

How do the acid secreting cells (parietal/oxyntic) stain?

A

pink to purple

109
Q

Pepsin secreting cells can also be called:

A

chief cells
peptic cells
zymogenic

110
Q

Pepsin secreting cells (Chief/Peptic/Zymogenic cells) secrete:

A

Inactive pepsinogen

111
Q

Pepsin secreting cells (Chief/Peptic/Zymogenic cells) are located at:

A

Base of gastric gland
(bottom third)

112
Q

Pepsin secreting cells (Chief/Peptic/Zymogenic cells) stain ____ due to _____

A

Purple due to large #s of ribosomes

113
Q

Describe the lifespan of parietal & chief cells-

A

long lifespans, replace every one year

114
Q

Parietal & chief cells are controlled by:

A

autonomic nervous system & hormones from endocrine cells in region in pylorus

115
Q

Enteroendocrine cells can also be called _____ - what does this stand for?

A

APUD Cells
amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation

116
Q

What are target cells with local vicinity

A

Paracrine cells

117
Q

Secrete variety of peptide hormones in response to local factors

A

Paracrine cells

118
Q

Cells that respond to local factors to accomplish control of GI motility & gastric secretion

A

Paracrine cells

119
Q

Gastrin is secreted by:

A

G cells

120
Q

Gastrin stimulates the secretion of ____ & ____

A

HCL & Pepsin

121
Q

D cells secrete:

A

somatostatin

122
Q

Somatostatin secreted by D cells inhibits:

A

Gastrin secretion

123
Q

Secretin is secreted by S cells

A

S cells

124
Q

What is the function of the secretin secreted by S cells

A

inhibits gastric secretion & stimulates smooth muscle contraction

125
Q

Gastric glands contain _____ mainly in the neck of the gland

A

undifferentiated stem cells

126
Q

Cells that continuously divide to replace lost or damaged epithelial cells

A

undifferentiated stem cells

127
Q

As the undifferentiated stem cells of the gastric gland mature, they:

A

migrate up or down gland

128
Q

Describe the size of the small intestine in humans

A

4-6 meters long

129
Q

The small is the primary site of:

A

absorption & digestion

130
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine (in order)

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

131
Q

Mucosa & submucosa in the small intestine is arranged in valve-like folds/rings called:

A

Plica circulares

132
Q

The place cirulares are also called _____ & contain a ____ core

A

Valves of Kerkring
Submucosal core

133
Q

The purpose of the plica circulares in the small intestine is to:

A

increase the surface area

134
Q

The mucosal surface of the small intestine is made up of:

A

villi

135
Q

The core of the villi that mucosal surface of the small intestine is:

A

lamina propria

136
Q

Between the villi that line the mucosal surface that line the small intestine are:

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

137
Q

Gluten Enteropathy

A

Coeliac disease

138
Q

Coeliac disease has what effect on villi, leading to what downstream effect?

A

villus blunting & atrophy leading to malabsorption & weightloss

139
Q

The epithelium of the small intestine is supported by:

A

connective tisse lamina propria

140
Q

The connective tissue lamina propria of the epithelium located in the small intestine contains _______ for absorption of nutrients

A

capillaries & lymphatics for absorbing nutrients

141
Q

Intestinal villi are lined by:

A

simple columnar epithelium

142
Q

Mucosal cells of the small intestine are called _____ and cover the surface of ___

A

enterocytes
villi

143
Q

The apical/luminal surface of the small intestine is ____ & modified into _____

A

highly folded
microvilli

144
Q

The microvilli of the small intestine= ___ or ____

A

striated or brush border

145
Q

The microvilli of the luminal surface of the small intestine serve to:

A

increase surface area for absorption

146
Q

The microvilli of the small intestine are coated with:

A

glycocalyx of disarcharrides (site of membrane digestion)

147
Q

Plique, villi & microvilli all function to:

A

increase surface area

148
Q

Interspersed among enterocytes are

A

mucous secreting goblet cells

149
Q

The mucus secreting goblet cells synthesize _____ which later forms into _____

A

mucinogen
mucus

150
Q

The mucinogen synthesized by goblet cells is stored in ____ to function to ____

A

membrane-bound granules that lubricate & protect the epithelium

151
Q

At the base of the crypts of the small intestine are:

A

stem cells

152
Q

The stem cells located at the base of the crypts of the small intestine primarily replace:

A

enterocytes

153
Q

Entire epithelial lining of the small intestine is replaced every:

A

3-5 days

154
Q

In addition to stem cells- what else is found at the base of the crypts:

A

paneth cells

155
Q

What type of granules do paneth cells contain?

A

large eosinophilic granules

156
Q

The large eosinophilic granules of paneth cells produce antibacterial proteins called _____ & enzymes including ____

A

defensins & lysozyme

157
Q

In the small intestine scattered throughout are small numbers of ____ cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells (APUD)

158
Q

The enteroendocrine cells located in the small intestine function to:

A

regulate GI motility & secretion

159
Q

In the small intestine:

  1. S cells secrete ____ which stimulates the release of _____ from the ____
  2. I cells secrete ____ which stimulates ______ & contraction of the ____
  3. A cells secrete ____ which serves to ______
  4. K cells secrete ____ which is ____
A
  1. secretin; bicarb from pancreas
  2. CCK; pancreatic secretion; gallbladder
  3. glucagon; raise blood sugar
  4. GIP; gastric inhibitory peptide
160
Q

In the small intestine:

  1. S cells secrete ____ which stimulates the release of _____ from the ____
  2. I cells secrete ____ which stimulates ______ & contraction of the ____
  3. A cells secrete ____ which serves to ______
  4. K cells secrete ____ which is ____
A
  1. secretin; bicarb from pancreas
  2. CCK; pancreatic secretion; gallbladder
  3. glucagon; raise blood sugar
  4. GIP; gastric inhibitory peptide
161
Q

MALT is located in the ____ & ____ of the small intestine

A

lamina propria & submucosa

162
Q

MALT contains _____ cells that secrete ______

A

plasma cells; IgA

163
Q

The epithelium of MALT contains enlarged _____

A

M cells (microfold)

164
Q

Squamoid enterocytes modified for Ag sampling & uptake of macromolecules

A

M cells (of MALT)

165
Q

Dome-shaped areas grossly visible on the surface of mucosa that project into the lumen (in MALT)

A

Peyer’s patches

166
Q

Peyer’s patches contain what type of loci:

A

B & T cell loci

167
Q

The duodenum is characterized by the presence of ______ in the submucosa

A

Brunner’s glands

168
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands located?

A

Submucosa of the duodenum

169
Q

In the duodenum there is a large number of highly convoluted branched tubuloalveolar submucosal glands called:

A

Brunner’s glands

170
Q

The Brunner’s glands secrete ___ & _____ which is unique to the duodenum

A

mucus & zymogens

171
Q

The main function of the duodenum is to:
(& who helps)

A

neutralize gastric acid & pepsin (assisted by pancreas & gallbladder)

172
Q

What empties into the duodenum at the major duodenal papillae:

A

pancreatic duct & bile duct

173
Q

The pancreatic duct & bile duct empty into the duodenum at the:

A

major duodenal papilla

174
Q

Chyme from the stomach stimulates the release of two hormones from ____ cells

What are the hormones

A

APUD cells

secretin & CCK

175
Q

Both secretin & CCK released form APUD cells promote:

A

highly alkaline pancreatic secretion

176
Q

Pancreatic secretions are highly alkaline due to ____ for the purpose of ____

A

bicarbonate
to neutralize stomach acid

177
Q

CCK also stimulates the contraction of ____ & the release of _____

A

gallbladder
bile acids

178
Q

_____ act as emulsifying agents for the digestion of lipids, to form micelles

A

bile acids

179
Q

Pancreatic secretions also contain proteolytic enzymes ____ & ____ for the digestion of proteins

A

trypsin & chymotrypsin

180
Q

Trypsin & chymotrypsin are _____ enzymes

A

Proteolytic

181
Q

The pancreas secretes ____ & ____ for the digestion of proteins, _____ for the digestion of carbs, & ____ for the digestion of lipids

A

chymotrypsin & trypsin
amylase
lipase

182
Q

Trypsin & chymotrypsin are secreted as _____ & _____ which are _____ to prevent autolysis

A

Trypsinogen & chymotrypsinogen ; zymogens

183
Q

Trypsin is activated by ______ ; trypsin then activates ______

A

enterokinase
chymotrypsin

184
Q

Digestion is a two step process that includes:

A

1- luminal digestion
2- membrane digestion

185
Q

Involves mixing of chyme with pancreatic enzyme to result in molecular breakdown

A

luminal digestion

186
Q

Involves enzymes of glycocalyx on plasma membrane of enterocytes

A

membrane digestion

187
Q

Enterocytes synthesize various enzymes including (3):

A

peptidases
peptide hydrolases
disaccharidases

188
Q

Enterocytes produce various enzymes but also produce various ____ for absorption of carbs & amino acids

A

carrier proteins

189
Q

During digestion & absorption - ______ are initially denatured by HCL from ____ cells

A

protein
parietal cells

190
Q

After proteins are denatured by HCL from parietal cells, they then get hydrolyzed by ____ into _____

A

pepsin
polypeptide fragments

191
Q

After proteins are denatured by HCL from parietal cells, & then are hydrolyzed by pepsin to form polypeptide fragments, they are further acted on by ______ enzymes to form _______

A

pancreatic enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase & carboxypeptidase

small peptide fragments

192
Q

after the digestion of proteins ______ get absorbed by enterocytes via active transport by carrier proteins

A

amino acids

193
Q

Carbohydrates include:

A

primarily starches, poly, oligo- & disarcharrides

194
Q

_____ hydrolyze starch into disarccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose)

A

salivary & pancreatic amylase

195
Q

During digestion, once the carbs have been broken down into disaccharides, they are further broken down into monosaccharides and then absorbed by ____ using ______

A

enterocytes
facilitated diffusion

196
Q

AAs & monosaccharides are absorbed by ____ lining villi, transported across the epithelium, enter capillaries with lamina propria & make their way into ____ for ____

A

enterocytes
portal vein
liver storage

197
Q

Lipids primarily come in the form of ____ from the diet, & are then emulsified by the action of _____

A

triglycerides
bile acids

198
Q

After the triglycerides are emulsified by biles acids they are further broken down into _____ & _____ by ____

A

monoglycerides & fatty acids
pancreatic lipase

199
Q

When the monoglycerides & fatty acids are formed by pancreatic lipase, this forms:

A

extracellular micelles

200
Q

Micelles are absorbed by ____ then ____ into triglycerides within the enterocyte & coated with proteins & phopholipids to form _____

A

enterocytes
re-synthesized
intracellular chylomicrons

201
Q

The initially triglycerides from diet that are now intracellular chylomicrons are transported across the enterocytes to _____

A

lacteals

202
Q

blind-ended lymph vessels within lamina propria of villi

A

lacteals

203
Q

What is the last step in the digestion & absorption of lipids?

A

carried to thoracic duct & general circulation

204
Q

The large intestine includes:

A

Cecum
appendix
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid colon
rectum

205
Q

What does the large intestine lack?

A

villi & plicae circulares

206
Q

Small blind-ended sac, distal to the ileo-cecal junction

A

appendix

207
Q

Used for bacterial digestion in herbivores; vestigial cecum

A

appendix

208
Q

The appendix contains large amounts of:

This is active in:

A

submucosal MALT

Children

209
Q

inflamed appendix & treatment

A

appendicitis
appendectomy

210
Q

The primary function of the colon is:

A

H2O & electrolyte resorption

211
Q

The colon produces ____ for elimination of undigested food & waste

A

mucus

212
Q

in the colon, we have large numbers of _____ in the epithelium & _____ glands in the submucosa

A

goblet cells
colonic glands

213
Q

What glands are NOT seen in the colon?

A

Brunner’s glands

214
Q

The colon lacks ____ & ___

A

Villi & plicae circulares

215
Q

The mucosal epithelium of the epithelium is similar to _____ but in adults what cells are absent:

A

small intestine
paneth cells

216
Q

MALT in the large intestine does NOT form:

A

domed Peyer’s patches

217
Q

No ____ are present in the lamina propria of the colon

A

lacteals

218
Q

In the colon, epithelial cell replaced meant occurs around every 5 days from _____ located at the base of ____

A

stem cells
glandular crypts

219
Q

In the colon, there are large numbers of commensal bacteria called:

A

coliforms

220
Q

The outter longitudinal layer in the muscularis externa of the colon is reduced or incomplete - forming:

A

three longitudinal strips- Taenia coli

221
Q

The Taenia coli in the colon are responsible for the formation of ______

A

haustra

222
Q

Sacculations of large intestine

A

Haustra

223
Q

GI polyps are indicative of:

A

ademoma

224
Q

Any mass arising from the wall of the colon that protrudes into the lumen; generally asymptomatic & the most common sign is rectal bleeding. Treatment is surgical removal

A

polyps- adenoma

225
Q

Colon cancer =

A

adenocarcinoma

226
Q

____ roughage & fiber in diet can _____ colon cancer by ____ transit time & _____ GI motility

A

increased
decrease
decrease
increasing

227
Q

Treatment of adenocarcinoma (colon cancer) involves:

A

surgical removal- may be even colon resection

228
Q

There are new test kits for early detection of colon cancer that detect:

A

Antibodies

229
Q

short, dilated terminal portion of the small intestine

A

rectum

230
Q

The rectum contains ___ folds & large numbers of ____ glands

A

transverse rectal folds
mucus glands

231
Q

In the rectum there is a transition of mucosa from ______ to ______ at the anal canal

A

simple columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium

232
Q

The anal canal contains longitudinal folds called

A

anal columns

233
Q

anal columns may also be called:

A

columns of morgani

234
Q

within the anal canal ____ extend in to the submucosa & muscularis externa

A

anal glands

235
Q

In the rectum, branched, straight tubular glands that secrete mucous

A

anal glands

236
Q

Surrounding musculature of the rectum forms:

A

internal & external sphincters

237
Q

The external sphincter of the rectum is ____ while the internal sphincter is _____

A

external= voluntary (skeletal muscle)
internal= involuntary (smooth muscle)

238
Q

Occasional enlargement & irritation of the submucosal veins around the anal canal

A

hemorrhoids

239
Q

The external opening; exit of the GI tract

A

anus

Histology (9 decks)

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