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Histology > Circulatory System (Exam II) > Flashcards

Circulatory System (Exam II) Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of the circulatory system

A
  • transport O2 (to tissue)
  • transport CO2 (to tissue)
  • transport nutrient (to tissue)
  • transport metabolic waste (from tissue)
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2
Q

Secondary functions of the circulatory system

A

Thermoregulation
Transport of immune cells
Transport of hormones

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3
Q

Vascular system consisting of heart and blood vessels

A

Blood vascular system

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4
Q

Two components of the circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation

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5
Q

Describe the route of pulmonary circulation

A

Right atrium —> Right ventricle —> Pulmonary artery —> lungs —> pulmonary vein —>Left atrium

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6
Q

Describe the path of systemic circulation

A

Left atrium —> left ventricle —> aorta —> rest of body

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7
Q

Extravascular fluid

A

Lymph

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8
Q

Passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid (lymph) to blood vascular system

A

Lymph vascular system

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9
Q

The lymph vascular system lacks:

A

An intrinsic pump

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10
Q

Due to absence of pump, the lymph vascular system relies on: (2)

A

Muscle contraction
Body movement

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11
Q

Type of circulatory system humans have

A

Closed

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12
Q

The closed circularity system is divided into pulmonary circulation that occurs on the _____ side of the heart and systemic circulation that occurs on the _____ side of the heart

A

Pulmonary (right side)
Systemic (left side)

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13
Q

The two major types of circulatory system

A

Open
Closed

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14
Q

Circulatory system in which there are no vessels but contains a heart that pumps fluid around to circulate in body and bathes tissues

A

Open

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15
Q

Limiting factor of an open circulatory system

A

Body size

(Once you exceed certain body size, it becomes less efficient especially in lower extremities)

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16
Q

Circulatory system in which the blood is contained within vessels/plumbing of the body

A

Closed

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17
Q

The systemic circulatory system takes _____ and distributes it to rest of body

A

Oxygenated blood

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18
Q

Blood vessels of the circulatory have a common basic structure with:

A

Three concentric layers

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19
Q

The three concentric layers of the blood vessels are commonly referred to as:

A

Tunics

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20
Q

Innermost vascular tunic

A

Tunica intima

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21
Q

Type of cells comprising the tunica intima

A

Simple squamous endothelial cells lining lumen

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22
Q

Describe thickness of tunica intima

A

1-2 cells thick; very thin

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23
Q

The tunica intima forms a ______ supported by _____

A

Semi-permeable barrier
Basement membrane

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24
Q

Specialized discontinuous junctions contained between the endothelial cells of the tunica intima

A

Fascia occludens

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25
Q

Function of the fascia occludens of the tunica intima

A

Allow WBC to extravasate

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26
Q

Tunica intima contains variable amounts of

A

Subendothelial connective tissue

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27
Q

If present, separates the tunica intima and a tunica media

A

Internal elastic lamina

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28
Q

Makes up the internal elastic lamina

A

Elastic fibers

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29
Q

Higher variable middle layer (vascular tunic)

A

Tunica media

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30
Q

Tunica media is comprised of

A

Smooth muscle cells
Fibroblastic connective tissue

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31
Q

In arteries, the tunica media is:

A

Thickest of layers

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32
Q

In arteries, the tunica media may contain:

A

Reticulin (type III collagen)
Elastic fibers

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33
Q

In veins, the tunica media tends to be:

A

Thinner

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34
Q

What is Reticulin

A

Type III collagen

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35
Q

If present, located between tunica media and tunica adventitia

A

External elastic lamina

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36
Q

What two layers may or may not be present in a vessel

A

Internal & external elastic lamina

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37
Q

Describe arrangement of elastic fibers in external elastic lamina

A

Not well organized

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38
Q

determines if an inner or outer elastic lamina will be present

A

Size of vessel

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39
Q

Outermost layer (vascular tunic)

A

Tunica adventitia

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40
Q

Vascular tunic comprised of loose fibroblastic connective tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

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41
Q

Tunica adventitia contains

A

Loose fibroblastic connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Collagen
Elastic fibers
Smooth muscle cells

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42
Q

Describe thickness of tunica adventitia in arteries

A

Thin

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43
Q

Describe thickness of tunica adventitia in veins

A

Thickest

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44
Q

In larger vessels, tunica adventitia may contain:

A

Vasa vasorum

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45
Q

Small blood vessels that supply the tunica media and tunica adventitia in both large arteries and veins

A

Vasa vasorum

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46
Q

Types of nerves contained within the tunica adventitia

A

Autonomic nerves

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47
Q

The autonomic nerves of the tunica adventitia

A

Nervi vasculares

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48
Q

Responsible for smooth muscle contraction in vessel wells (vasoconstriction & vasodilation)

A

Nervi vasculares

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49
Q

Two functions of the Nervi vasculares

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

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50
Q

Most common fiber of tunica adventitia

A

Fibroblasts

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51
Q

Decrease in lumen diameter due to the action on smooth muscle of tunica media by sympathetic post-ganglionic nerve fibers

A

Vasoconstriction

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52
Q

Vasoconstriction is due to the action of what nerve fibers

A

Sympathetic, post-ganglionic

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53
Q

Three debated causes of vasodilation

A

1- absence/inhibition of sympathetic stimulation
2- accomplished via indirect parasympathetic innervation
3- when oxygen tension in cells is low causing smooth muscle to relax

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54
Q

When endothelial cells to release NO which secondarily causes smooth muscle to relaxe- this is an example of vasodilation caused by

A

Indirect parasympathetic innervation

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55
Q

In response to low oxygen tension smooth muscle in walls of arterioles:

A

Relax, causing vasodilation

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56
Q

Specialized sensory receptors located in the walls of blood vessels (2)

A

Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

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57
Q

Specialized sensory receptor located in the carotid sinus and aortic aortic arch; detect BP

A

Baroreceptors

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58
Q

Baroreceptors detect blood pressure by:

A

Detecting stretch in walls of blood vessel

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59
Q

Specialized sensory receptor located at bifurcation of carotid aorta and in aortic bodies in aortic arch; function to detect changes in O2, CO2 and pH

A

Chemoreceptors

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60
Q

Chemoreceptors function by:

A

Detecting changing in composition of blood (O2, CO2, pH)

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61
Q

How do chemoreceptors monitor pH

A

Monitoring hydrogen ion concentration

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62
Q

System that conducts blood AWAY from the heart and TO the capillary bed

A

Arterial system

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63
Q

System that returns blood FROM capillaries and TO the heart

A

Venous system

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64
Q

Cyclical pumping of the heart causes:

A

Pulsatile blood flow

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65
Q

Contractions of the ventricles

A

Systole

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66
Q

Systole causes

A

Pressure wave

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67
Q

Relaxation of the heart

A

Diastole

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68
Q

Diastole causes:

A

Decrease in pressure

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69
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mm Hg

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70
Q

Expansion and recoil of _____ maintains BP

A

Elastic arteries

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71
Q

Regulation of BP is accompanied by changes in:

A

Diameter of blood vessels

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72
Q

Regulation of blood pressure is accompanied by changes in diameter of blood vessels; it occurs via _____ control of _______ in vessel walls

A

Sympathetic control
Smooth muscle

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73
Q

Arteries contain large amounts of ____ and ____

A

Elastin
Smooth muscle

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74
Q

In arteries the vessel wall is _____ relative to lumen diameter

A

Thick

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75
Q

Two arteries that carry unoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary
Umbilical

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76
Q

Determines the name of the vessel

A

Direction of blood flow relative to the heart

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77
Q

Causes an ejection of blood volume in the heart

A

Systole

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78
Q

A drop in BP is commonly seen in what phase of BP

A

Diastole

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79
Q

In the case of elastic arteries, the large volume of elastin in the walls of these vessels minimizes ____ and encourages ____

A

Expansion
Elastic recoil

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80
Q

Large amounts of collagen and elastin in the arterial wall promotes a more:

A

Rigid vessel

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81
Q

When blood vessels constrict, pressure:

A

Increases

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82
Q

When blood vessels relax, pressure:

A

Decreases

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83
Q

BP throughout the body is regulated by change in diameter and vessel size- accomplished by sympathetic control of smooth muscle in the:

A

Tunica media

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84
Q

Size of elastic arteries

A

Greater than 1 cm in diameter

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85
Q

Large conducting blood vessels; receive blood directly from heart

A

Elastic arteries

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86
Q

Examples of elastic arteries (4)

A

1- aorta
2- common carotid
3- subclavian
4- pulmonary

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87
Q

Elastic arteries contain sheets of elastic tissue in the:

A

Tunica media

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88
Q

In elastic arteries, the sheets of elastic tissue in the tunica media helps to maintain:

A

BP between systole and diastole

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89
Q

Thickest layer of elastic artery

A

Tunica media

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90
Q

Elastic arteries possess both:

A

Internal & external elastic lamina

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91
Q

If the blood vessel takes up the entire side it’s most likely:

A

Elastic artery

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92
Q

Diameter of muscular arteries

A

2-10nm in diameter

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93
Q

Medium-sized distributing arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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94
Q

Arteries that have more smooth muscle and less elastin the tunic media when compared to elastic arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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95
Q

Thickest layer in muscular artery

A

Tunica media

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96
Q

A muscular artery contains a distinct _____ ; while a larger muscular artery may also contain ____

A

Internal elastic lamina
External elastic lamina

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97
Q

Diameter of arterioles

A

10-100 micrometers

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98
Q

Vessels containing relatively little smooth muscle

A

Arterioles

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99
Q

Tunica media of arterioles is around:

A

2-3 cells thick

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100
Q

Absent in arterioles

A

Elastic laminae

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101
Q

Terminal branches of arterial system supply:

A

Capillaries beds

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102
Q

Arterioles provide the major sites of:

A

Vasoconstriction & vasodilation

103
Q

Arterioles regulate distribution of capillaries via:

A

Pre-capillary sphincter

104
Q

Intermittent rings of smooth muscle within walls of arterioles

A

Pre-capillary spinchters

105
Q

Small diameter arterioles, intermediate in size between arterioles and capillaries

A

Metarterioles

106
Q

Metarterioles are in between size of:

A

Arterioles & capillaries

107
Q

In general, the amping of smooth muscle _____ with increase in diameter of vessel (& relative amount of connective tissue ____)

A

Increases
Decreases

108
Q

Last blood vessels you would see before capillary begins

A

Metaarterioles

109
Q

In a Metarterioles, the tunica media has become so thin that it is no longer ______

A

Continuous

110
Q

Concerned with exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, metabolites and waste products

A

Microcirculation

111
Q

Components microcirculation is concerned with (exchange of)

A

Gases
Fluids
Nutrients
Metabolites
Waste products

112
Q

Microcirculation occurs primarily within ____ but also includes ___ & ____

A

Capillaries
Arterioles & venules

113
Q

Thin walled vessels aroun 8-10 micrometers in diameter

A

Capillaries

114
Q

Capillaries are lined by thin _____ layer of ____ cells

A

Single
Endothelial

115
Q

Capillaries are supported by (2):

A

Basal lamina
Small # of pericytes

116
Q

Regulate blood flow to capillaries to themselves

A

Arterioles

117
Q

Major sites of exchange of nutrients and oxygen in tissues; very thin walled vessels

A

Capillaries

118
Q

Generally, fluid leaves circulatory system in:

A

Capillaries

119
Q

Capillaries lack ____ & _____ so they are nothing more than tunica intima with some pericytes and collagen

A

Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

120
Q

Derived from same precursor cells as endothelial cells

A

Pericytes

121
Q

Pericytes can differentiate into: (following injury)

A

Endothelial cells
Smooth muscle cells

122
Q

Capillaries do not exhibit ______ themselves

A

Vasomotor activity

123
Q

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction accomplished via smooth muscle contraction in arterioles & pre-capillary sphincters result in:

A

Passive change in capillary diameter

124
Q

Types of capillaries

A

1- continuous
2- fenestrated
3- discontinuous

125
Q

Type of capillary where endothelium forms continuous lining

A

Continuous capillary

126
Q

Most common type of capillary

A

Continuous

127
Q

Locations of where you may find continuous capillaries (3)

A

1- muscle
2- lung
3- CNS

128
Q

Type of capillary where the endothelium forms a continuous lining to prevent lymph from leaking out

A

Continuous

129
Q

Type of capillary in which the endothelial cells possess pores or fenestrae within cells

A

Fenestrated capillary

130
Q

In fenestrated capillaries, where are the fenestrae located in relation to the endothelial cell

A

Within

131
Q

Capillaries allowing for large molecule weight molecules to pass through the endothelial lining or with hormones - you want them to leave the vessel and go to surrounding tissue

A

Fenestrated

132
Q

Location fenestrated capillaries may be found (2)

A

1- endocrine system
2- GI tract

133
Q

Type of capillary in which basal lamina is NOT continuous

A

Discontinuous capillary

134
Q

Type of capillary in which the endothelial cells are separated by large gaps BETWEEN cells

A

Discontinuous

135
Q

Most leaky type of capillary

A

Discontinuous

136
Q

Discontinuous capillaries may form large open spaces called:

A

Sinusoids

137
Q

Location discontinuous capillaries may be found (4):

A

1- liver
2- spleen
3- bone marrow
4- Inn

138
Q

Transport across capillaries may occur via: (3)

A

Fenestrae
Transcytosis
Diapedesis

139
Q

Label the type of capillary and label A, B, C

A

1- continuous
2- fenestrated
3- discontinuous

A- junction
B- fenestra
C- spaces

140
Q

System that functions as low pressure collecting system for returning blood from capillary beds to heart

A

Venous system

141
Q

Venous system contains vessels with ____ walls and ____ relative luminal diameter in comparison to corresponding arteries

A

Thinner
Larger

142
Q

In the venous system there are few layers of smooth muscle in _____ compared to similar sized arteries

A

Tunica media

143
Q

The thickest layer in veins

A

Tunica adventitia

144
Q

Prevents back flow in veins (especially in limbs and thorax)

A

Valves

145
Q

Valve failure in legs results in:

A

Varicose veins

146
Q

Why is there a higher likelihood of stagnation in the veins (versus the arteries)

A

Gravity

147
Q

Because of _____ its okay to remove veins, the blood will just go to a different vein route

A

Collateral circulation

148
Q

Small veins

A

Venules

149
Q

Lack elastic lamina and potentially even tunica media (in the smaller ones)

A

Venules

150
Q

Around 10-50 micrometers in diameter; both tunica media and adventitia is reduced or absent

A

Post-capillary venules

151
Q

Post-capillary venules is the preferential site for:

A

Diapedesis

152
Q

Venules drain into larger ______ then into ______

A

Collecting venules
Muscular venules

153
Q

Type of venule with thin smooth muscle layer in tunica media

A

Muscular venules

154
Q

Type of substances that act on venules

A

Vasoactive substances

155
Q

Examples of vasoactive substances (2)

A

Histamine
Serotonin

156
Q

Vasoactive substances ____ intercellular spaces

A

Enlarge

157
Q

Ultimately vasoactive substances

A

Increase permeability of vessel

158
Q

smallest venules located immediately after capillary bed

A

Post-capillary venules

159
Q

Downside of vasodilation in venules

A

Leakiness= edema

160
Q

Large and medium sizes veins

A

Muscular veins

161
Q

Small muscular veins may or may not contain

A

Internal elastic lamina

162
Q

Medium muscular veins contain only:

A

Internal elastic lamina

163
Q

Large muscular veins contain:

A

Internal & external elastic lamina

164
Q

_____ in the tunica media of veins controls luminal diameter of muscular veins and venules

A

Smooth muscle

165
Q

To determine difference between muscular artery and vein, you look at:

A

Wall thickness
Lumen diameter

166
Q

Direct connections between arterial & venous system

A

AV shunts

167
Q

AV shunts bypass:

A

Capillary bed

168
Q

AV shunts are a type of:

A

Anastomoses

169
Q

AV shunts are commonly found in _____ and function in _____

A

Skin
Thermoregulation

170
Q

Vein or artery directly connecting two capillary beds

A

Portal vessels

171
Q

Example of portal vessels

A

Hepatic portal vein

172
Q

____ of the venous portal system connects the capillary bed of the small intestine to the capillary bed of the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

173
Q

The idea is that in AV shunts, blood detours around capillary bed to:

A

Preserve heat

174
Q

When endothelial vessel is damaged, cholesterol adheres to exposed proteins to form a:

A

Cholesterol patch

175
Q

once the endothelium has healed (after vessel damage and formation of cholesterol patch)

A

Cholesterol patch is reabsorbed

176
Q

When endothelium of vessel is damaged, cholesterol adheres to:

A

Exposed proteins

177
Q

After healing of damaged endothelial vessel the cholesterol is phagocytosed by:

A

Macrophages

178
Q

After healing and after the cholesterol is phagocytosed by macrophages, further phagocytosis occurs by:

A

Endothelial & subintimal cells

179
Q

The endothelial & subintimal cells that later phagocytose the cholesterol patch form

A

Foam cells

180
Q

Type of cells composing foam cells

A

Endothelial & subintimal

181
Q

Purpose of formation of choleserol patch following damage of endothelium

A

Prevents initiation of clotting cascade

182
Q

Following damage endothelium of vessel, if inflammatory response becomes chronic this results in (condition):

A

Atherosclerosis

183
Q

In atherosclerosis the plaque can be:

A

Generalized or focal

184
Q

If you have high cholesterol, and the cholesterol patch persists, the macrophages come in and try to engulf the cholesterol, but there is so much cholesterol that the macrophages have to recruit other cells to come in, and these different cells have:

A

Cholesterol vacuoles

185
Q

In atherosclerosis all the recruited cells with cholesterol vacuoles begin to take on the appearance of:

A

Brown fat

186
Q

When the cholesterol patch persists (in case of atherosclerosis) we get the development of:

A

Foam cells

187
Q

Minimizes the effects of atherosclerosis

A

Vitamin C

188
Q

In the later stages of atherosclerosis, you get the proliferation of ____ cells and formation of ____

A

Smooth muscle cells
Fibrous connective tissue capsule

189
Q

In atherosclerosis, the formation of the connective tissue capsule around the plaque is formed by fibroblasts migrating in and producing ______ around the edges of the plaque

A

Collagen

190
Q

The presence of collagen around the plaque in atherosclerosis, results in the limited ability for _____ and ___ to get into the plaque, ultimately resulting in _____ and ____

A

Oxygen & nutrients
Necrosis & secondary calcification

191
Q

In atherosclerosis the necrosis and and secondary calcification is also known as

A

Hardening of artery

192
Q

In atherosclerosis, as plaque thicken and enlarge the vessel lumen size decreases and you get corresponding:

A

Elevated systolic BP

193
Q

Atherosclerosis is often associated with what condition:

A

Hypertension

194
Q

Most common cause of ischemic heart disease

A

Atherosclerosis

195
Q

In ischemic heart disease (due to atherosclerosis) the lumen of the coronary artery may decrease by:

A

90%

196
Q

Gradual narrowing of lumen in vessel

A

Stenosis

197
Q

Gradual narrowing (stenosis) of vessel by plaque

A

Thrombosis

198
Q

Thrombosis can also be referred to as ___ of a vessel

A

Occlusion

199
Q

As plaque enlarges or if endothelium is damaged it exposes:

A

Underlying collagen

200
Q

Decreased oxygen uptake by tissue

A

Anoxia

201
Q

When heart becomes anoxic the resulting chest pain:

A

Angina

202
Q

______ formation initiates the clotting cascade

A

Thrombus

203
Q

Broken off piece of thrombus

A

Embolus

204
Q

If piece of thrombus breaks off this causes:

A

Thromboembolic disease

205
Q

Sudden occlusion by embolus results in:

A

Acute ischemic event

206
Q

During an acute ischemic event, what two symptoms present:

A

Anoxia
Angina

207
Q

If ischemia is untreated, resulting in death of portion of muscle this is called:

A

Myocardial infarction

208
Q

Death of muscle by ischemia

A

Myocardial infarction

209
Q

In myocardial infarction what cells are terminally differentiated

A

Myocytes (cardiac muscle cell)

210
Q

Because myocytes are terminally differentiated, they are unable to:

A

Regenerate

211
Q

Due to the myocytes inability to regenerate, if a portion of heart muscle dies, we need:

A

Fibroblasts to produce collagen

212
Q

Problem with fixing gap in cardiac muscle with collagen rather than muscle:

A

Collagen isn’t as stretchy like the original muscle was

213
Q

All healing during MI has occur via:

A

Fibrosis

214
Q

Due to the connective tissue replacement (collagen), the loss of contractility results in:

A

Decreased or partial loss of function

215
Q

During prolonged ischemia, in addition to MI ____ can also be affected

A

Heart valves

216
Q

Inflammation ad thickening of AV valves often associated with valvular incompetence leads to

A

Increased turbulence & regurgitation

217
Q

When inflammation and thickening of the AV valves occurs leading to increased turbulence and regurgitation, this leads to what conditions

A

Vegetative endocarditis
Thromboembolic disease

218
Q

Similar to MI excepting for it affects the brain

A

Stroke

219
Q

In a stroke, issues occur because _____ are terminally differentiated

A

Neurons

220
Q

cell cycle stage are both myocytes and neurons stuck in

A

G0

221
Q

The loss of neurons caused by inability to receive oxygen & nutrients ultimately results in:

A

Cerebral infarct

222
Q

Cerebral infarct basically means our cells are ____ and we have a _____

A

Dead
Loss of function

223
Q

Determines the symptoms and severity of clot in a stroke

A

Location of clot

224
Q

Occurs when blood vessels dilate to form thin-walled, balloon-like regions

A

Aneurism

225
Q

Aneurisms are common in the:

A

Aorta
Brain

226
Q

Middle-aged Asian women are at an increased risk of developing ____ (numerous bleeding little blood vessels) and the effect can be cumulative over time

A

TIAs

227
Q

The lymph vascular system is structurally similar to:

A

Veins

228
Q

Lymph vascular system is structurally similar to veins, but the endothelial cells are:

A

Thinner and have greater permeability

229
Q

Lymph endothelial cells are highly active in:

A

Phagocytosis

230
Q

The lymph vascular system has a very thin:

A

Tunica media

231
Q

_____ are present in the lymph vascular system

A

Valves

232
Q

May or may not be present in lymph vascular system

A

Pericytes & basement membrane

233
Q

Excess fluid the lymph vascular system drains

A

Lymph

234
Q

The lymph vascular system is responsible for drainage of lymph from ______ and returns it to _____

A

ECS
Bloodstream

235
Q

Lymph is formed as a result of:

A

High hydrostatic pressure & arterioles

236
Q

In arterioles, the high hydrostatic pressure exceeds the ____ exerted by plasma proteins

A

Colloidal on oncotic pressure

237
Q

In the lymph vascular system, when the high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles exceeds the colloidal oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins, this results in leakage of (what & where):

A

water, electrolytes, & plasma proteins from capillaries into ECS

238
Q

Lymph is very high in

A

Protein

239
Q

ECS is drained by a series of:

A

Interconnected, blind-ending tubules

240
Q

ECS is drained by a series of interconnected, blind-ending tubules called:

A

Lymphatics

241
Q

The lymphatics converge on the:

A

Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct

242
Q

Largest lymph vessel in body

A

Thoracic duct

243
Q

Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct both contain:

A

Tunica media

244
Q

Lymph returns to the bloodstream at junction of:

A

Left internal jugular vein & left subclavian vein

245
Q

Because the lymph vascular system relies on body movement and contraction of skeletal muscle, immobility may lead to:

A

Peripheral edema (swollen feet)

246
Q

Interspersed along lymph vessels

A

Lymph nodes

247
Q

Contain lymphoid tissue for antigenic sampling & recognition; activation of immune cells and production of antibodies

A

Lymph nodes

248
Q

Asymmetrical lymph draining is important in:

A

Tumor metastasis

249
Q

Thin walled, lack blood, contain smooth, eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid (lymph), occasional WBCs

A

Lymph nodes

250
Q

The basement membrane in lymph nodes is ____ or ____

A

Rudimentary or absent

251
Q

Antigen sampling —-> immune activation —-> _______

A

Lymph trap

252
Q

In some areas of the body, especially the _____ lymphatic drainage is asymmetrical

A

Thorax

253
Q

Disease due to fallarid worm- they like the inguinal lymph nodes & obstruct the return of lymph to the periphery:

A

Elephantiasis

Histology (9 decks)

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