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Histology > Lymphoid Tissues (Exam II) > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissues (Exam II) Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphoid tissue organized into discrete structures or organs

A

Dense lymphoid tissue

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2
Q

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils are all examples of:

A

Dense lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

Lymphoid tissue located throughout the body, associated with mucous membranes

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

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4
Q

Both dense and diffuse tissue contain a large number of ____ cells

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue is commonly seen in respiratory and digestive tracts as:

A

MALT

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6
Q

Lymphoid tissue where B and T-cells acquire surface receptors

A

Primary lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

In primary lymphoid tissue, the B cells are located in the _____ while the T cells are located in the _____

A

B cells —-> bone marrow
T cells —-> Thymus

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8
Q

Mature B and T cells that secondarily migrate to all other lymphoid tissue are referred to as

A

Secondary lymphoid tissue

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9
Q

Malignant tumors of the immune system are referred to as ______ when they involve solid organs and as _____ when they involve the blood

A

Lymphomas; leukemias

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10
Q

Circulating immune cells that are neoplastic

A

Leukemia

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11
Q

Network of blind-ended vessels in connective tissue

A

Lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Lymphatic vessels provide a route in which allows cells and large molecules in the ECS to:

A

Re-enter the bloodstream

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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels assist circulation of ______ concentrate _____ for elimination within lymph nodes

A

Lymphocytes
Antigen

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14
Q

Encapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue, distributed throughout the body

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

Lymph nodes are arranged in ____ or ____ along the vessels of lymphatic origin

A

Chains or clusters

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16
Q

Submandibular, cervical, axillary, femoral, popliteal, and hilar are all locations in which we find

A

Lymph nodes

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17
Q

Four functions of lymph nodes:

A

1- nonspecific filtering of particulate matter & microorganisms from lymph
2- interaction of circulating lymphocytes with antigen in lymph
3- aggregation, activation & proliferation of B cells with subsequent antibodies production
4- aggregation & proliferation of T cells and induction of cytotoxic immunity

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18
Q

Due to the presence of macrophages, lymph nodes are:

A

Self-cleaning

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19
Q

Lymphocytes of all types- derived from the bone marrow

A

Lymphoid cells

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20
Q

Lymphoid cells enter the lymph node via:

A

Bloodstream

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21
Q

Antigen-presenting cells found within the lymph node

A

Immune accessory cells

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22
Q

Immune accessory cells include

A

Macrophages
B cells
T cells

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23
Q

Immune accessory cells (macrophages, B cells, T cells) originate in the:

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

Immune accessory cell- macrophages at the periphery of germinal centers; antigen-presenting cells

A

Follicular dendritic cells

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25
Q

Immune accessory cells primarily found in germinal centers that possess numerous phagocytic vesicles

A

Tingible body macrophages

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26
Q

Fibroblasts and reticular cells (fibroblast-like cells with phagocytic capability)

A

Stromal cells

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27
Q

What forms the connective tissue skeleton of lymph nodes

A

Stromal cells and extracellular products (collagen, reticular fibers)

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28
Q

The lymph node contains and outer, fibrous ____ of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Capsule

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29
Q

Grossly, lymph nodes have dense, outer, cellular ______ & less cellular inner _____

A

Cortex
Medulla

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30
Q

Type of cells found in the outter cellular cortex of lymph nodes

A

B cells, T cells, plasma cells

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31
Q

The medulla of the lymph node is less ______ than the cortex

A

Cellular

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32
Q

Extension of cortical tissue into the medulla of the lymph node

A

Medullary cords

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33
Q

The medullary cords of the lymph node are separated by broad lymphatic channels called:

A

Medullary sinuses

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34
Q

Interspersed throughout the cortex of the lymph node are very thin, collagenous:

A

Trabeculae

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35
Q

Blood vessels enter and leave the lymph node at the:

A

Hilus

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36
Q

Process of B & T cells leaving the blood stream and entering the lymph node

A

Diapedesis

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37
Q

Diapedesis is facilitated by complementary:

A

Adhesion molecules

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38
Q

Complementary adhesion molecule that facilitate diapedesis of B & T cells are called:

A

Addressins

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39
Q

Addressins are present on both:

A

Endothelial cells & lymphocytes

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40
Q

During diapedesis, the B & T cells migrate across the walls of specialized:

A

Post-capillary venules

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41
Q

Post-capillary venules are considered:

A

High endothelial venules

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42
Q

Post-capillary venules are lined by:

A

Cuboidal to columnar endothelium

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43
Q

Post-capillary venules are located in the deep inner cortex of the lymph node at the _____ junction or _____ zone

A

Corticomedullary
Paracortical

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44
Q

Space beneath the capsule where numerous afferent lymph vessels drain into

A

Cortical/subcapsular sinus

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45
Q

Lymphatic vessels that drain into the cortical or subcapsular sinus are _______ vessels

A

Afferent lymph

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46
Q

In the lymph node, endothelium on sinus on the side adjacent to the capsule is _____ to prevent leakage, but ______ on the side of the parenchyma

A

Continuous; discontinuous

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47
Q

Lymphatic sinuses are not open spaces like blood sinuses but rather are filled with:

A

Reticular fibers & macrophage processes

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48
Q

Sinuses of the lymph nodes are that are located in the cortex:

A

Cortical sinuses, trabecular sinuses, peritrabecular sinuses

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49
Q

Broader lymphatic channels in the inner, less cellular medulla

A

Medullary sinuses

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50
Q

The medullary sinuses contain what type of cells

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes

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51
Q

The medullary sinuses converge on the:

A

Hilus

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52
Q

Lymph drains from the hilus of the node via:

A

Single efferent lymph vessel

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53
Q

Eventually lymph returns to the bloodstream via:

A

Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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54
Q

Lymphatic drainage to regional lymph node is important in:

A

Metastasis of tumor cells

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55
Q

With the cortex of the lymph node, are densely packed, highly cellular:

A

Lymphoid follicles

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56
Q

Lymphoid follicles can also be called:

A

Lymphatic nodules or primary follicles

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57
Q

Lymphoid follicles contain a paler, less dense ____

A

Germinal center

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58
Q

If a germinal center is presetn in a lymphoid follicle, the follicle is considered:

A

Secondary follicle

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59
Q

A secondary follicle (germinal center presents) indicates the node is:

A

Responding to antigen

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60
Q

Lymphocytes respond to antigen by increasing antibody production via:

A

Clonal expansion

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61
Q

Secondary follicles are sites of:

A

B cell proliferation

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62
Q

Secondary follicles (sites of B cell proliferation) can be referred to as:

A

Secondary hemopoiesis

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63
Q

Cells present at sites of B cell proliferation (secondary hemopoiesis) (4):

A

Lymphoblasts
Macrophages
Immature B cells
Immature T cells

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64
Q

Proliferation of lymphocytes within the lymph node results in:

A

Lymph node enlargement
Swollen lymph node

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65
Q

Dark staining rim around the germinal center of the lymph node

A

Mantle zone

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66
Q

The mantle zone of the germinal center of the lymph node is the region of:

A

Antigen presentation

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67
Q

Organization of lymphocytes in the cortex of the lymph node is:

A

NOT uniform

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68
Q

The secondary follicle of lymph node is light staining due to:

A

Lots of cytoplasm

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69
Q

Lobular lymphatic organ located in the mediastinum

A

Thymus

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70
Q

The thymus is embryologically derived from:

A

Epithelial outgrowth of 3rd pharyngeal pouch

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71
Q

Important hematopoietic organ during fetal development

A

Thymus

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72
Q

The thymus is similar in appearance to the lymph node but lacks ______ and the medulla lacks _____

A

Lymphoid follicles
Medullary cords & sinuses

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73
Q

The thymus has a _______ of dense, irregular connective tissue

A

Thin capsule

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74
Q

The thymus contains slender ______ or ______ that divide the thymus into lobules

A

Interlobular septa or trabeculae

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75
Q

The thymus has a darker staining _____ and a paler _____

A

Cortex
Medulla

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76
Q

Functions of the thymus (4):

A

1- production of mature, immunocompetent Th (helper) & Tc (cytotoxic) cells
2- clonal proliferation of Tc (cytotoxic) cells
3- clonal deletion of self antibodies
4- secretion of hormones regulating T cell development & maturation

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77
Q

The clonal deletion of self antibodies of the thymus aid in the development of:

A

Immunologic self-tolerance

78
Q

In the thymus, failure of clonal deletion of self antibodies may result in:

A

Autoimmune diseases

79
Q

As T cells of the thymus mature they express (3):

A

1- antigen-specific T cell receptors
2- CD surface markers (cluster of differentiation)
3- Class I & II HLA surface markers (human leukocyte antigen)

80
Q

The thymus contains a highly cellular cortex packed with:

A

Lymphocytes- mostly T cells and macrophages

81
Q

What is absent in the thymus

A

Secondary follicles

82
Q

The lack of secondary follicles in the thymus causes limitation resulting in only:

A

Local expansion of T cells

83
Q

Place where T cells migrate to become immunocompetant

A

Thymus

84
Q

The less cellular central medulla of the thymus contains mostly:

A

B cells, plasma cells and macrophages

85
Q

Epithelial cells within the thymus that provide structural & physiological support

A

Nurse cells

86
Q

Cells in the thymus that secrete hormones that collectively regulate T cell proliferation and differentiation

A

Nurse cells

87
Q

Three hormones nurse cells secrete

A

1- thyotaxin
2- thymosin
3- thymopoietin

88
Q

Attract, regulate and promote T cell proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic T cells (Tc), suppressor T cells (Ts) and helper T cells (Th)

A

Thymotaxin, thymosin & thymopoietin

89
Q

Eosinophilic, lamellated structures within both medulla & cortex of the thymus that represent degenerate & epithelial nurse cells

A

Hassals corpuscles

90
Q

Type of cells Hassals corpuscles represent

A

Degenerate nurse cells

91
Q

Organ that degenerates at puberty & is vestigial in adults

A

Thymus

92
Q

The thymus undergoes: (in adults)

A

Fatty infiltration & lymphatic depletion

93
Q

The thymus undergoing fatty infiltration & lymphatic depletion is called:

A

Thymic involution

94
Q

The thymus contains an inner surface of capsule lined by _____ to isolate the thymus

A

Continuous epithelium

95
Q

Because the T cells are not fully differentiated, there’s no _____ lymph vessels to the thymus, only _____ vessels for lymph drainage

A

Afferent; efferent

96
Q

Thymic blood vessels are also surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called:

A

Blood-thymus barrier

97
Q

The blood thymus barrier forms:

A

Continuous antigenic barrier

98
Q

Isolates the thymus from immune cells

A

Thymus barrier

99
Q

The connective tissue sheath (blood-thymus barrier) consists of a wide variety of cells & fibers including:

A

Epithelial reticular cells
Reticular fibers
Fibroblasts
Macrophages plasma cells

100
Q

The blood-thymus barrier surrounds the:

A

Endothelium & basement membrane of blood vessels

101
Q

Structure important in maintaining the integrity of the thymus

A

Blood-thymus barrier

102
Q

Largest lymphoid organ in the body

A

Spleen

103
Q

B & T cell replication
Manufacture of antibody
Antigen removal
Removal of particulate matter, aged or defective RBCs fron circulation via phagocytosis
Recycling of Fe from Hb
Hemopoiesis in the fetus

These are all functions of the:

A

Spleen

104
Q

Non-specific filtering of particular matter in microorganisms from lymph
Interaction of circulating lymphocytes with antigen and lymph
Aggregation, activation & proliferation of B cells with subsequent antibody production
Aggregation & proliferation of T cells & induction of cytotoxic immunity

These are all functions of:

A

Lymph nodes

105
Q

Production of mature, immunocompetent cytotoxic and helper T cells
Clonal proliferation of cytotoxic T cells
Clonal deletion of self antibodies
Secretion of hormones regulating T cell development & maturation

These are all functions of:

A

Thymus

106
Q

If the spleen is removed the functions are taken over by the:

A

Liver and bone marrow

107
Q

Describe the capsule of the spleen:

A

Dense, fibroblastic outter capsule

108
Q

The dense, fibro-elastic outer capsule of the spleen contains ______ cells important in:

A

Smooth muscle cells
Splenic contraction

109
Q

In some species the spleen acts as a:

A

Reservoir for RBCs

110
Q

Characteristic large, thick bands of dense connective tissue that extend into the body of the spleen

A

Trabeculae

111
Q

Trabeculae of the spleen contain:

A

Trabecular arteries and veins

112
Q

Unlike the lymph nodes and thymus, the spleen lacks:

A

Cortex & medulla

113
Q

Bulk of the spleen is composed of spongy matrix of:

A

Red pulp

114
Q

Within the red pulp of the spleen (2):

A

Pulp cords
Sinusoids

115
Q

The sinusoids within the red pulp of the spleen contain:

A

Mostly blood

116
Q

Pulp cords (cords of Bilroth) within the red pulp of the spleen are more cellular & contain large numbers of:

A

Macrophages & lymphocytes

117
Q

Pulp cords within the red pulp of the spleen are supported by connective tissue skeleton of:

A

Reticular cells & reticular fibers

118
Q

Scattered throughout the red pulp are discreet nodules of ___ which contain large numbers of _____

A

White pulp
WBCs

119
Q

Areas of white pulp are considered ____ areas that may or may not have _____

A

Follicular; germinal centers

120
Q

The germinal centers in the follicular areas of white pulp contain primarily:

A

B cells

121
Q

Located within the follicular areas (white pulp) of the spleen is a:

A

Central artery

122
Q

The areas of white pulp of the spleen are surrounded by a thin, basophilic ______ which is further surrounded by a paler ______

A

Mantle zone; marginal zone

123
Q

The white pulp of the spleen functions as a site of:

A

Antigen presentation & phagocytosis

124
Q

The white pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of:

A

Macrophages, plasma cells, & T helper cells

125
Q

Enlarged germinal centers of the spleen visible to the naked eye

A

Splenic nodules

126
Q

Central arteries of the spleen are surrounded by ____ cells and form:

A

T cells
PALS

127
Q

PALS

A

Periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths

128
Q

PALS lack _____ because they have minimal ___

A

Germinal center; T cell proliferation

129
Q

PALS are less well-developed in:

A

Humans

130
Q

Term often used interchangeably with primary follicles in white pulp

A

PALS

131
Q

PALS should ALWAYS be referring to _____ foci

A

T Cell

132
Q

Branches of splenic artery enter the spleen within trabeculae via the _____ and branch and form ______ to white pulp

A

Trabecular arteries; central arteries

133
Q

The central arteries of the spleen branch continue into the red pulp, where they branch into perpendicular:

A

Penicillar arteries

134
Q

The penicillar arteries of the red pulp (of the spleen) branch into ____ and then terminate into 2-3 ____

A

Arterioles; sheathed capillaries

135
Q

Blind-end capillaries that lack endothelial lining and are surrounded by macrophages

A

Sheathed capillaries

136
Q

The sheathed capillaries form a non-continuous:

A

Peri-vascular sheath, or cuff

137
Q

The perivascular sheath act as part of the _______ active in phagocytosis

A

Filtering mechanism

138
Q

Blood cells leave sheathed capillaries via ______

A

Diapedesis

139
Q

Blood cells leave the sheathed capillaries via diapedesis and enter the ______ of _____

A

Sinus of red pulp

140
Q

The sinusoids of the spleen are lined by endothelial cells called:

A

Stave cells

141
Q

______ between stave cells allow for free passage of blood cells

A

Endothelial slits

142
Q

Blood drains out of the spleen via:

A

Trabecular venules

143
Q

After the blood drains out of the spleen via trabecular venules, it empties into:

A

Splenic vein

144
Q

Type of circulation found in the spleen

A

Open

145
Q

Paired structures located at the junction of the oral & pharyngeal cavities

A

Palatine tonsil

146
Q

The palatine tonsil is located within the:

A

Tonsillar crypts

147
Q

The tonsillar crypts that house the palatine tonsils are located between anterior & posterior:

A

Tonsillar pillars

148
Q

Anterior tonsillar pillar

A

Palatoglossal arch

149
Q

Posterior tonsillar pillar

A

Palatopharyngeal arch

150
Q

Tonsils located at base of tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

151
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils are also referred to as:

A

Adenoids

152
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils/adenoids are located in the _____ and associated with _____

A

Nasopharynx; eustacian tubes

153
Q

Palatal + lingual + pharyngeal tonsils are collectively referred to as:

A

Waldeyer’s ring

154
Q

Ring of immunological protection around the GI & respiratory tracts

A

Waldeyer’s ring

155
Q

Palatal + pharyngeal tonsils are collectively referred to as:

A

NALT

156
Q

NALT

A

Nasal associated lymphoid tissue

157
Q

The palatine tonsil is similar to lymph nodes but it is:

A

Unencapsulated

158
Q

Base of palatine tonsils is supported by:

A

Collagenous hemicapsule

159
Q

Palatine tonsil contains no distinct:

A

Cortex & medulla

160
Q

In the palatine tonsil, lymphoid follicles are scattered throughout the ____ and may include ____

A

Parenchyma
Germinal centers

161
Q

Luminal surface of palatine & lingual tonsils is covered by:

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium (SSNKE)

162
Q

The stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium invades the tonsils, forming blind-ended:

A

Tonsilar crypts

163
Q

Organ containing cortex with primary and secondary follicles & medulla with medullary cords & sinusoids

A

Lymph node

164
Q

Organ containing mostly T cells, not B cells, Hassals corpuscles; cortex & medulla present

A

Thymus

165
Q

Organ containing robust capsule & trabeculae; no cortex & medulla, red & white pulp instead

A

Spleen

166
Q

Organ containing hemicapsule & skin-like epithelium with crypts; no cortex & medulla

A

Palatine tonsil

167
Q

Blind-ended sac, vestigial cecum

A

Appendix

168
Q

In adults, the appendix:

A

Atrophies

169
Q

The appendix contains mostly ____ cells

A

B Cells

170
Q

An important digestive organ in herbivores- used for bacterial fermentation

A

Appendix

171
Q

Most organized structure of diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

Appendix

172
Q

MALT in the gut
MALT in respiratory tract
MALT in pharynx

A

GALT
BALT
NALT

173
Q

Diffuse unencapsulated lymphoid aggregates associated with mucosal surfaces

A

MALT

174
Q

MALT is located in the ____ tissue of the _____

A

Subepithelial connective tissue; lamina propria

175
Q

Type of cells present primarily in MALT

A

B cells

176
Q

Malt primarily produces:

A

IgA (secretory IgA)

177
Q

Similar to the lymph nodes, MALT may contain:

A

Germinal centers

178
Q

Samples antigenic material, produces lymphoblasts, secretes antibody

A

MALT

179
Q

MALT in the gut contains specialized:

A

M-cells

180
Q

M-cells of MALT in the gut are:

A

Squamous enterocytes

181
Q

M-cells (squamoid enterocytes) are located in surface epithelium with _____ on surface

A

Microfolds (NOT microvilli)

182
Q

MALT is responsible for antigen sampling & transfer from _____ into _____

A

Gut lumen
Lymphoid follicles

183
Q

MALT is formed during:

A

Fetal development

184
Q

MALT distribution is maximum in ______ and progressively atrophies with _____

A

Childhood; age

185
Q

Special type of MALT scattered throughout the small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

186
Q

Peyers patches are most common in the _____ and least common in the _____

A

Ileum
Duodenum

187
Q

Peyers patches project into the lumen of the gut in _______ with cuboidal mucosa

A

Dome areas

188
Q

Peyers patches also contain _____ cells

A

M cells

189
Q

Peyers patches are histologically similar to:

A

MALT

190
Q

Peyers patches are lymphoid aggregates that contain large numbers of:

A

B & T cells

191
Q

Peyers patches ________ produce appreciable quantities of IgA

A

Do not

192
Q

Frequent in Peyer’s patches and are associated with the foci of B cells

A

Germinal centers

Histology (9 decks)

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