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Histology > Accessory Digestive Organs (Exam III) > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

TThe liver & pancreas are embryological outgrowths of the:

A

primitive gut

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2
Q

The liver & pancreas function as:

A

accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

Largest gland & internal organ

A

liver

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4
Q

The liver is divided into four lobes:

A

left, right, caudate, quadrate

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5
Q

The major functions of the liver:

  1. Detoxification of _______
  2. Metabolism & detoxification of ______
  3. Destruction of ______
  4. Recycling of ____ via synthesis & secretion of _____
  5. Synthesis of _____
  6. Miscellaneous ______
A
  1. metabolic waste
  2. drugs & toxins
  3. senescent RBCs
  4. Hb; bile
  5. plasma proteins
  6. metabolic functions
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6
Q

The liver metabolic waste through the process of:

A

deamination of AAs –> urea

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7
Q

What plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver (3):

A

clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins

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8
Q

The miscellaneous metabolic functions of the liver include (3):

A

glycogen synthesis
glycogen store
gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

External surface of the liver is covered by a connective tissue capsule ca:lled the

A

Glisson’s capsule

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10
Q

Monosaccharides and AAs from digestion enter the liver via:

A

hepatic portal vein

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11
Q

responsible for carrying 75-80% of the blood to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

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12
Q

In addition to blood, the hepatic portal vein carries potentially toxic compounds absorbed from the diet to the liver to be:

A

conjugated or detoxified

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13
Q

oxygenated blood is supplied to the via the ______

A

hepatic artery

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14
Q

The hepatic artery is a branch of the:

A

celiac trunk

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15
Q

Oxygenated blood to the liver by the hepatic artery - a branch of the celiac trunk —–>

A

portal arterioles in hepatic lobules

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16
Q

______ carries on 20-25% of blood to the liver

A

portal arterioles

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17
Q

what happens to the blood carried by the portal arterioles:

A

mixes with unoxygenated blood from portal vein to perfuse liver cells

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18
Q

The liver ______ rich, but ____ poor environment

A

nutrient-rich
oxygen-poor

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19
Q

In hepatic circulation the venouns drainage of lobules occurs via:

A

central venue –> hepatic vein

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20
Q

liver cells

A

hepatocytes

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21
Q

most hepatocytes are _____ but some are ___ &/or ___

A

diploid
polyploid &/or binucleate

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22
Q

Hepatocytes contain large numbers of ____ & _____

A

cytoplasmic granules
storage products

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23
Q

The cytoplasmic granules within the hepatocytes are from the:

A

RER & Lysosomal products

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24
Q

Aging hepatocytes accumulate:

A

lipfuscin (brown pigment)

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25
Q

Individual hepatocytes are _____, arranged in ____ ______ paralleled by ________

A

polygonal
Anastomosing cords
venous sinusoids

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26
Q

Sinudsoids are lined by:

A

sinusoidal lining cells

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27
Q

Sinusoids are lined by sinusoidal lining cells, a ______ _____ with gaps between endothelial cells

A

discontinuous endothelium

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28
Q

Between sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes is the:

A

space of Disse

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29
Q

The space of Disse =

A

perisinusoidal space

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30
Q

The space of Disse occurs between:

A

sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes

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31
Q

The space of Disse is continuous with:

A

lymphatics

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32
Q

Hepatic cords & sinusoids are supported by:

A

reticulin fibers (Type III collagen)

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33
Q

Within sinusoids & space of Disse are phagocytic:

A

Kupffer cells (fixed macrophages)

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34
Q

Occasional _____ cells are are located between hepatocytes

A

Ito cells

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35
Q

Fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets used for vitamin A & D storage

A

Ito cells

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36
Q

Cords of hepatocytes are arranged in:

A

lobules

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37
Q

A classic lobules is based on:

A

blood flow

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38
Q

A classic lobule is roughly ___ with a central ____ located in the middle of the lobule

A

roughly hexagonal
central vein

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39
Q

The central vein in the middle of the classic lobule may also be called:

A

Centrilobular vein or terminal hepatic venule

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40
Q

Outter margin of each hepatic lobule is delimited by:

A

thin connective tissue septum

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41
Q

Portal triad

A

portal artery
portal vein
portal bile duct
(also lymph vessel but less noticeable)

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42
Q

At each corner of the hepatic lobule is a portal tract or triad, and the features in the tract or triad can be:

A

duplicated

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43
Q

Blood enter form the hepatic lobules from the:

A

portal triads

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44
Q

After the blood enters the hepatic lobule through the portal triad, it percolates through ______ & drains via _____

A

sinusoids
central vein

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45
Q

Triangular area based on bile flow (opposite of blood flow)

A

Portal lobule

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46
Q

In the portal lobule, there is a ____ in the center & ____ at the corners

The shape is:

A

Portal triad
Central veins

Triangular

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47
Q

Diambond-shaped region between neighboring central veins in a hepatic lobule:

A

acinus

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48
Q

In a hepatic lobule, the central veins are located along _____ with ___ at the sides

A

longitudinal axis
portal tracts

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49
Q

The acinus of the hepatic lobule combines aspects of:

A

blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism & pathology

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50
Q

The acinus of the hepatic lobule is divided into zones:

A

1, 2, 3

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51
Q

Hepatocytes in different zones of the acinus have different:

A

metabolic environments

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52
Q

-Zone 1 of hepatic lobule=

-Zone 1 is closest to the _____ & receive the most ______

  • Zone 1 is the most susceptible to:
A
  • periolobular zone/periportal zone
  • portal tract; oxygenated blood
  • toxic injury
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53
Q

Zone 2 of hepatic lobule =

A

intermediate zone

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54
Q

-Zone 3 of the hepatic lobule=

-Zone 3 is the furthest from the ____

-Zone 3 is closes to the _____

-Zone 3 receives the least ______

  • Zone 3 is most susceptible to:
A
  • centrolobular zone
  • portal tract
  • central vein
  • oxygenated blood
  • ischemic injury
55
Q

Liver functions in detoxification of various drugs, toxins & metabolites (e.g. ethanol, pesticides, & carcinogens) via:

A

Microsomal mixed oxidase of SER or peroxidases of peroxisomes

56
Q

The peroxidases of peroxisomes is what system?

A

P450

57
Q

A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease to the liver:

A

cirrhosis

58
Q

Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic degneration & _____, followed by _____ & _____

A

necrosis
Fibrosis
nodular regeneration

59
Q

Associated with cirrhosis (due to fibrosis & blockage of blood flow)

A

portal hypertension

60
Q

Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis & due to:

A

fibrosis & blockage of blood flow

61
Q

The liver has the ability to:

A

regenerate

62
Q

The liver functions are divided into:

A

exocrine & endocrine

63
Q

Secretion of products into ducts

A

Exocrine

64
Q

Secretion of products without ducts, directly into bloodstream

A

endocrine

65
Q

The endocrine functions of the liver include:

  1. synthesis of ____
  2. synthesisis of _____
  3. the process of ______
  4. storage & release of:
  5. storage of vitamins:
A
  1. plasma proteins
  2. glucose
  3. gluconeogenesis
  4. glycogen, lipids, lipoproteins
  5. A & D
66
Q

The exocrine (secretory) function of the liver:

A

bile synthesis

67
Q

Bile is an emulsifying agent & facilitates the:

A

hydrolysis of lipids via pancreatic lipases

68
Q

The adult human liver secretes around:

A

one liter of bile per day

69
Q

Bile flow from liver _____ by hormones such as secretin, CCK, & gastrin

A

increases

70
Q

Bile flow stimulating hormones, secretin, CCK, & gastrin come from:

A

enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

71
Q

Bile is synthesized by ___ & secreted into a network of ____

A

hepatocytes
bile canalilculi

72
Q

Small canals between hepatocytes formed by grooves in plasma membranes of adjacent cells

A

bile caniliculi

73
Q

The direction of bile flow is _____ to blood flow

A

opposite

74
Q

Bile flows goes through a series of:

A

progressively larger ducts

75
Q

Bile synthesis includes _____ & larger _____

A

bile ducts
intrahepatic ducts

76
Q

Bile synthesis includes bile ducts (___) & larger intrahepatic ducts (____)

A

portal triads
scattered throughout parenchyma

77
Q

In bile synthesis, bile eventually enters the duodenem at ______

A

maJor duodenal papilla

78
Q

The bile enters the major duodental papilla following a period of ____ & modification in the ____

A

storage
gallbladder

79
Q

Muscular sac located in depression along surface of liver

A

gallbladder

80
Q

Used to store & concentrate bile

A

gallbladder

81
Q

The gallbladder is lined by ____ with ______

A

simple columnar epithelium
apical microvilli

82
Q

The apical microvilli on the simple columnar epithelium in the gallbladder is used for:

A

resorption of water

83
Q

The gallbladder lacks:

A

muscularis mucosae

84
Q

In the gallbladder, the _____ is highly folded

A

lamina propria

85
Q

In the gallbladder the lamina propria is highly folded with occasional:

A

tubuloalveolar mucous glands

86
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder?

A

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

87
Q

Components of bile include:

A

water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol+phospholipids, bile acids, bile pigments

88
Q

Cholesterol + phospholipids =

A

lecithin

89
Q

Bile acids are also known as

A

bile salts

90
Q

best known bile pigment

A

bilirubin

91
Q

function of bilirubin

A

non-soluble breakdown of hgb

92
Q

water-soluble form of bilirubin; conjugated with glucuronide

A

bilirubin glucuronide

93
Q

Bilirubin glucuronide involves what form of bilirubin

A

water-soluble

94
Q

Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it & secrete glucuronide leads to the accumulate of ___ & ____

A

bile pigments & jaundice

95
Q

Supersaturation of bile leads to

A

gallstones

96
Q

Gallstones may also be called:

A

biliary calculi or cholelithiasis

97
Q

obstruction of bile ducts

A

choledocolithiasis

98
Q

Choledocolithiasis resulting from the obstruction of bile ducts leads to:

A

bile stasis or jaundice

99
Q

jaundice is known as:

A

icterus

100
Q

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

101
Q

Following a cholecystectomy people are unable to ____ & need to watch their

A

concentrate bile
watch fat intake

102
Q

Highly lobulated gland with thin, connective tissue capsule; located in the bend of the duodenem

A

pancreas

103
Q

where is the pancreas located

Does it have a capsule

A

bend of duodenem

Yes

104
Q

The pancreas is an embryological outgrowth of the

A

primitive gut

105
Q

The pancreas contains what two components

A

endocrine & exocrine

106
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is

A

ductless

107
Q

The ductless endocrine portion of the pancreatic tissue is located in:

A

islets of langerhans

108
Q

Most of the pancreas is:

A

exocrine (with ducts)

109
Q

The exocrine pancreas can be described as a:

A

compound acinar serous gland

110
Q

The exocrine pancreas contains densly packed:

A

serous acini

111
Q

The densly packed acini of the exocrine pancreas contain ____ surrounding a central lumen (duct)

A

pyramidal secretory cells

112
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, acinar cells contain:

A

zymogen granules

113
Q

The zymogen granules contained within the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas include:

A

trypsinogen & chymotrypsinogen, amylase & lipase

114
Q

In the exocrine pancreas-

Trypsin & chymotrypsin are _____

Amylase breaks down ____

Lipase breaks down _____

A

proteases
carbs
lipids

115
Q

The exocrine pancreas empties into:

A

intercalated ducts

116
Q

The intercalated ducts that the exocrine pancreas empties into adds ___ & ____ to the pancreatic sections

A

bicarb & water

117
Q

The intercalated ducts that add bicarb & water do this to:

A

neutralize acidic chyme from stomach

118
Q

The intercalated ducts functioning to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach results in an:

A

optimal pH for pancreas

119
Q

The duct cells that form the beginning of the intercalated duct of the exocrine pancreas are sometimes visible in the center of acini and therefore called:

A

centero-acinar cells

120
Q

The intercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger:

A

intralobular ducts

121
Q

The intercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger intralobular ducts which then enter into larger:

A

interlobular ducts

122
Q

interlobular ducts might be called:

A

extralobular ducts

123
Q

pancreatic secretions enter the duodenem via:

A

pancreatic duct

124
Q

the pancreatic secretions entering the duodenem via the pancreatic duct at:

A

major duodenal papilla

125
Q

What are the principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas:

A

polypeptide hormones secreted by APUD cells

126
Q

The one pancreatic regulator secreted by APUD cells of the stomach is:

A

gastrin

127
Q

gastrin is secreted by G cells of the:

A

pyloric stomah

128
Q

In pancreatic stimulation gastrin stimulates the secretion of:

A

pancreatic fluid

129
Q

The three pancreatic regulation secreted by APUD cells of the duodenum include:

A

secretin, CCK, enterokinase

130
Q

The three pancreatic regulation secreted by APUD cells of the duodenum include:

The secretin is secreted by ____ cells

It stimulates the secretion of ____ by cells of the ______

A

S cells

Bicarbonate by cells of the intercalated ducts

131
Q

In pancreatic secretion- CCK is secreted by ___ cells

CCK stimulates ____ cells to secrete _____

A

I cells

acinar cells to secrete zymogens

132
Q

In pancreatic regulation, enterokinase converts ____ to _____ (within the small intestine) which converts ____ to ____ (digests proteins)

This cascade reaction prevents the pancreas from digesting itslef

A

trypsinogen to trypsin

chymotrypsinogen to chymotripsin

133
Q

Autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism

A

Pancreatisis

134
Q

What results in the premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin & therefore autolysis

A

pancreatitis

Histology (9 decks)

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