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1st year > Oral biology - bsc > Flashcards

Oral biology - bsc Flashcards

1
Q

where are the fontanelles located and what is their function?

A 
anterior
posterior
posterolateral
anterolateral
allow compression of head at birth
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2
Q

where are the cranial sutures?

A 
metopic
coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamosal
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3
Q

what arteries does the maxillary artery split into?

A

mandibular
muscular
maxillary
sphenopalatine

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4
Q

what are the mandibular artery divisions?

A

middle meningeal artery

inferior alveolar artery

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5
Q

what are the muscular artery divisions?

A

muscles of mastication:

  • ant/deep temporal arteries
  • massetric artery
  • pterygoid branches
  • buccal artery
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6
Q

what are the maxillary artery divisions?

A

post sup alv nerve

infra orbital

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7
Q

what are the sphenopalatine artery divisions?

A

descending palatine

sphenopalatine

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8
Q

where does venous/lymphatic drainage go to?

A

pterygoid plexus

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9
Q

what are the horizontal chain lymph nodes?

A 
mental
submandibular
parotid
pre/post auricular
mastoid
occipital
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10
Q

what are the vertical chain lymph nodes?

A

jugulodigastric

juguloomoyhoid

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11
Q

layers of the SCALP?

A 
s - skin
c - connective tissue
a - aponeurosis
l - loose connective tissue
p - periosteum
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12
Q

what is the blood supply to the scalp?

A

supraorbital, superficial temporal, occipital

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13
Q

what nerve supplies the scalp?

A

facial

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14
Q

list the 12 cranial nerves and their jobs?

A 
olfactory - sense of smell
optic - vision in retina
oculomotor - muscles of the eye
trochlear - eye movement
trigeminal - sensory
abducens - eye movement
facial - facial muscles, sensation around ear, taste
vestibulocochlear - hearing/balance
glossopharyngeal - taste
vagus - pharynx, larynx, tongue muscles
accessory - similar to vagus
hypoglossal - muscles of tongue
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15
Q

what is the tongue?

A

striated muscle covered by mucous membrane

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16
Q

what is the posterior portion of the tongue attached to?

A

hyoid bone

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17
Q

what are the types of papillae found on the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A
  • filiform papillae - small keratinised projections

- fungiform papillae - bright red spots - taste buds

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18
Q

what is the sulcus terminalis?

A

v shape seperating the anterior 2/3 and the post 1/3 of the tongue, at the apex of the line is foramen caecum

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19
Q

what lies anterior to the sulcus terminalis?

A

12 circumvallate papillae
central tissue with trough and taste buds and serous glands of von ebner
innervated by glossopharyngeal

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20
Q

what are the fungiform papillae innervated by?

A

chorda tympani

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21
Q

what is situated behind the sulcus terminalis?

A

lymphoid tissue and smooth mucous membrane - gives a nodular appearance

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22
Q

what are the folliate papillae?

A

found at the sides of the tongue anterior to where the palatoglosal fold flows into the side of the tongue

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23
Q

what is found on the ventral surface of the tongue?

A

glands of blandin and nuhn - mixed gland
lingual frenum
sublingual vein
plica fimbriata

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24
Q

what are the functions of the tongue?

A 
speech
mastication
self cleansing
taste
swallowing
protection
tactile
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25
Q

what is the tongue divided in half by?

A

a fibrous septum

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26
Q

what nerve are the muscles of the tongue supplied by?

A

hypoglossal nerve

palataoglossus - accessory nerve

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of muscles in the tongue?

A

intrinsic - change shape

extrinsic - change position shape

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28
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
vertical
transverse

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29
Q

describe the genioglossus muscle?

A

starts at the superior genial tubercle and inserts into the fibres in the tongue, tip of the tongue and the hyoid bone

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30
Q

describe the hypoglossus muscle?

A

starts at superior body of hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue

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31
Q

describe the styloglossus muscle?

A

begins at styloid process and enters the tongue below the palatoglossus and to the tip of the tongue

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32
Q

describe the palatoglossus muscle?

A

begins at the aponeurosis of the soft palate and enters at the side of the tongue

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33
Q

describe the chondroglossus muscle?

A

begins at the hyoid bone and inserts into the body of the tongue

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34
Q

what nerves are associated with the tongue?

A 
hypoglossal - muscles
lingual - common sensation
chorda tympani - taste
vagus
accessory
glossopharyngeal
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35
Q

what is the floor of the mouth?

A

thin mucous membrane attached laterally and anteriorally to the inner surface of the mandible/ continuous with the lingual gingivae and medially continuous with the mucous membrane of the tongue
contains a frenum and whartons duct

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36
Q

what is the mylohyoid muscle?

A

2 parts converge at a median raphe, starts at mylohyoid line of the mandible, posterior attached to hyoid bone,
supplied by mylohyoid branch of mandibular nerve

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37
Q

what is found sublingually?

A

geniohyoid muscle
lingual nerve
subglingual salivary gland
submandibular salivary gland

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38
Q

what is found submandibularly?

A

submandibular salivary gland

digastric

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39
Q

what is the digastric muscle?

A

below the mylohyoid
digastrci fossa to mastoid notch
posterior belly - facial nerve
anterior belly - mylohyoid branch

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40
Q

what is the geniohyoid muscle?

A

covers over medial of mylohyoid

runs form inf genial tubercle to anterior of hyoid bone

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41
Q

what is the stylohyoid muscle?

A

runs from posterior styloid process to hyoid bone

facial nerve supplies

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42
Q

what is the platysma?

A

runs from fascia of pectoralis of major deltoid muscles to the skin of the chin, oblique line of the mandible, skin and muscles at the angle of the mouth
cervical branch of facial nerve supplies

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43
Q

what happens to the salivary glands when stimulated by:
1 parasympathetic nerve
2 sympathetic nerve

A

vasodilation and high mineral saliva

vasoconstriction and high mucous saliva

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44
Q

describe the submandibular gland?

A

empties into whartons duct
mixed saliva
produces 70% of saliva
facial and lingual nerve supplies

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45
Q

describe the sublingual gland?

A

empties into whartons duct
mucous saliva
produced 5%
facial and lingual nerves supply

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46
Q

functions of saliva?

A 
digestion
lubrication
protection
cleansing
taste
speech
mastication
bollus formation
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47
Q

composition of saliva?

A 
99.5% water
mucopolysaccharides
immunoglobulins
amylase
minerals
lysosyme
blood clotting factors
enzymes - lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, histatin
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48
Q

describe the parotid gland?

A

empties into stensons duct
serous saliva
25% of saliva
glossopharyngeal and auriculotemporal nerve

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49
Q

list the order of tooth eruption in the permanent dentition?

A

upper - 61245378

lower - 61234578

50
Q

when does root formation finish?

A

completed 2 years post eruption

51
Q

list some differences in deciduous teeth compared to permanent dentition?

A 
smaller
lighter
more bulbous
more slender roots and canals
more divergent roots
less hard enamel
increased pulp to crown ratio
52
Q

describe the maxillary 1st perm incisor?

A

distal root curvature
2 labial grooves
pronounced cingulum

53
Q

describe the maxillary 2nd perm incisor?

A

developmental groove between cingulum and lingual fossa

54
Q

describe the maxillary perm canine?

A

longest root, eye tooth

55
Q

describe the maxillary 1st premolar?

A

1 buccal 1 palatal root

canine fossa

56
Q

describe the maxillary 2nd premolar?

A

1 root no fossa

57
Q

describe the maxillary 1st perm molar?

A

palatal, mesiobuccal, distobuccal roots
oblique ridge
cusp of carabelli palatally

58
Q

describe the maxillary 2nd perm molar?

A

nil

59
Q

describe the maxillary 3rd perm molar?

A

short underdeveloped roots

60
Q

describe the mandibular 1st per incisor?

A

concave lingual surface

61
Q

describe the mandibular 2nd perm incisor?

A

crown sits squint on the root

62
Q

describe the mandibular canine?

A

single flat root

sometimes 2 canals

63
Q

describe the mandibular 1st premolar?

A

distal/mesial fossae

mesiolingual groove

64
Q

describe the mandibular 1st perm molar?

A

3 buccal, 2 lingual cusps
buccal and lingual grooves
buccal groove ends in foramen caecum

65
Q

describe the mandibular 2nd perm molar?

A

2 roots

2 lingual 2 buccal cusps

66
Q

describe an upper/lower 1st deciduous molar?

A

upper - 3 roots
lower - 2 roots
tubercle of zuckerhandl - crvical bulge over buccal surface of mesial root

67
Q

the maxilla is comprise of what?

A

1 body

4 processes

68
Q

what are the processes of the maxilla?

A

frontal
zygomatic
palatine
alveolar process

69
Q

what is the frontal process of maxilla?

A

joins frontal bone, nasal bone and lacrimal bone

70
Q

what is the zygomatic process of maxilla?

A

joins with zygoma

71
Q

what is the palatine process of maxilla?

A

bulk of the hard palate
vomer attached to midline
posterior and horizontal plates of paltine bones
suture seperates maxilla and premaxilla

72
Q

what is the alveolar process of maxilla?

A

provides socket for the maxillary dentition

73
Q

what are the 4 surfaces of the body of the mandible and what are they?

A

nasal - antrum of highmore
anterior facial surface - main part of skeleton of cheek, incisive/canine fossa
posterior infratemporal surface
superior orbital surface - infraorbital canal - opens at anterioir facial surface

74
Q

how does the mandible form?

A

forms in 2 halves and fuses at symphis mentis soon after birth
2 rami, 2 angles 1 body

75
Q

what are features of the external surface of the mandible?

A

mental protuberance
mental foramen
oblique line

76
Q

what are features of the internal surface of the mandible?

A 
mylohyoid line
submandibular fossa
sublingual fossa
digastric fossa 
superior/inferior genial tubercles
77
Q

feaures of the ramus?
internal
external

A

coronoid process, condyle, sigmoid notch, digital fossa
internal - ind.d.foramen, lingula, mylohyoid groove
external - attachment for masseter over which lies parotid gland

78
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ?

A

bilateral synovial sliding hinge groove

79
Q

what does the TMJ involve?

A 
condylar head of mandible
glenoid fossa of temporal bone
articular eminence of temporal bone
tympanic plate - prevents joint moving back
squamotympanic fissure
80
Q

what is the meniscus of the TMJ?

A

articular disc - tough oval pa of dense fibrous CT
cushions load and stabilises the joint
seperates joint into 2 cavities - permits and regulates the complex movements of the joint
unconsciously detemrines the position by the proprioceptive fibres in the disc

81
Q

what are the ligaments of the TMJ?

A 
capsular
temporomandibular
stylomandibular
sphenomandibular
strengthen and support the joint and limits the excessive movement
82
Q

describe the capsular ligament?

A

loose fibrous completely surrounds the joint
articular eminence and circumference of glenoid fossa and inserts into the neck of the condyle
lined with synovial membrane and lubricates/provides nutrients to avascular structures

83
Q

what is the temporomandiblar ligament?

A

extends from zygomatic process to neck of condyle

84
Q

what is the sphenomandibular ligament?

A

tip of styloid process to angle of mandible

85
Q

what is depression of the tmj and what causes it?

A

opening
lateral ptyergoid
digastric
mylohyoid

86
Q

what is elevation of the tmj and what causes it?

A

closing
masseter
medial ptyergoid
temporalis

87
Q

what is retrusion of the tmj and what causes it?

A

back
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid

88
Q

what is protrusion of the mandible and what causes it?

A

forward movement

lateral pterygoids

89
Q

what is lateral swing of the tmj and what causes it?

A

lateral and medial pterygoids

90
Q

what are the muscles of masticaiton?

A

masseter
temporalis
medial and lateral pterygoids
digastric

91
Q

describe the lateral pytergoid muscle?

A

extends from lateral pterygoid plate and ifratemporal crest of sphenoid to the capsular ligament and digiital fossa

  • pterygoid div of max artery
  • ant div of mandibular nerve
92
Q

what is the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

runs from lateral pterygoid plate to the internal surface of the mandible
- pterygoid artery of muscular div of max artery
- initial branches of mandibular
closses and elevates

93
Q

describe the temporalis muscle?

A

runs from the temporal fossa into a tendon that passes through the zygomatic arch and inserts into the coronoid process

  • temproal artery of muscular div of max artery
  • temproal branches pf anterior div of mandibular nerv
94
Q

what is myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome?

A

no pathological changes in tmj and no pain

95
Q

jobs of facial muscles?

A 
mastication
speech
reflexes
self cleansing
show emotional state
guide teeth into eruption
96
Q

what are the types of facial muscles?

A

deeply places - e.g orbicularis oris

superficially placed - buccinator

97
Q

what is the orbicularis oris?

A

draws lips together and pouts
formed as a continuous sphinctor
runs from bone in upper/lower incisor region and runs to the raphe at the corners of the mouth

98
Q

what is the buccinator muscle?

A 
forms bulk of the cheeks
works with orbicularis oris
keeps food on occlusal surfaces during mastication
guides teeth into eruption
speech
self cleansing
suckling
runs from buccal bone of moalr teeth of maxilla and mandible and pterygomandibular raphe into the fibres at the angle of the mouth and orbicularis oris
99
Q

what are the superficial facial muscles?

A 
levator labii superioris
levator anguli oris
zygomatous major and minor
risorous
depressor labii inferioiris
depressor anguli oris
mentalis
100
Q

what do superficial muscles do?

where do they lie?

A

scorn sorrow smiling

enter lip in a radial form except the mentalis

101
Q

what is the orbicularis oculi?

A

radiates around the eye

102
Q

how does the nasal cavity form?

A

in 2 halves by nasal septum

103
Q

what are the areas of the nasal cavity?

A

anterior vestibule
olfactory area
respiratory region

104
Q

what is the nasal septum formed of?

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer
maxilla
spetal cartilage

105
Q

what is the nerve supply to the nose?

A

nasocilliary
maxillary
olfactory

106
Q

what are found in the lateral walls of the nose?

A

sup concahe and meatus
mid concha and meatus
inf concha and meatus

107
Q

describe the paranasal sinuses and list them?

A 
lined with mucous membrane and full of air
frontal - 2
ethmoidal - 3 
sphenoidal - 2
maxillary
108
Q

what is the antrum of highmore?

A

sinus in the body of the maxilla
close to apices of teeth
empties into middle meatus
supplied by anterior and middle sup alv nerves

109
Q

what are the function of the sinuses?

A

reduce weight of skull
resonance to voice
shock absorber on impact

110
Q

what is the hard palate formed of and what are some features?

A

palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones
incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, lesser palatine foramen, median/transverese suture - crucifomr suture, pre maxilla

111
Q

what are some soft tissue features of the hard palate?

A 
mucoperiosteum
keratinised epithelium
rugae
incisive papillae
palatal raphe
112
Q

what blood and nerve supply supplies the hard palate?

A

long sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery

greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves

113
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

the flap between the oro and nasopharynx

114
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the soft palate?

A

uvular muscles, pair of banded muscles

run from posterior nasal spine to the uvula

115
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the soft palate?

A

tensor palati
levator palati
palatoglossus/palatopharyngeus

116
Q

what is tensor palati?

A

runs from sphenoid fossa to the pteyrgoid hamulus to the midline of the soft palate
tenses and lifts with levator palati

117
Q

what is levator palati?

A

runs from mastoid portion of the temporal bone to the palatine aponeurosis
lifts

118
Q

what is the palatoglossus?

A

palatoglossus runs from side of soft palate to the tongue

palatophayrngeus runs from side of soft palate to thyroid area of the pharynx

119
Q

what supplies the soft palate?

A

lesser palatine nerves and vessels

120
Q

where is the lymphoid tissue in the soft palate?

A

pharyngeal tonsils

121
Q

what is the salpingopharyngeus?

A

elevates pharynx and larynx and aids swallowing

opens auditory canal during swallowing

122
Q

what nerves supply..
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopahrynx

A
  • trigeminal/glossopharyngeal
  • glossopharyngeal
  • glossopharyngeal and vagus

1st year (8 decks)

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