Oral biology - bsc Flashcards
where are the fontanelles located and what is their function?
anterior posterior posterolateral anterolateral allow compression of head at birth
where are the cranial sutures?
metopic coronal sagittal lambdoid squamosal
what arteries does the maxillary artery split into?
mandibular
muscular
maxillary
sphenopalatine
what are the mandibular artery divisions?
middle meningeal artery
inferior alveolar artery
what are the muscular artery divisions?
muscles of mastication:
- ant/deep temporal arteries
- massetric artery
- pterygoid branches
- buccal artery
what are the maxillary artery divisions?
post sup alv nerve
infra orbital
what are the sphenopalatine artery divisions?
descending palatine
sphenopalatine
where does venous/lymphatic drainage go to?
pterygoid plexus
what are the horizontal chain lymph nodes?
mental submandibular parotid pre/post auricular mastoid occipital
what are the vertical chain lymph nodes?
jugulodigastric
juguloomoyhoid
layers of the SCALP?
s - skin c - connective tissue a - aponeurosis l - loose connective tissue p - periosteum
what is the blood supply to the scalp?
supraorbital, superficial temporal, occipital
what nerve supplies the scalp?
facial
list the 12 cranial nerves and their jobs?
olfactory - sense of smell optic - vision in retina oculomotor - muscles of the eye trochlear - eye movement trigeminal - sensory abducens - eye movement facial - facial muscles, sensation around ear, taste vestibulocochlear - hearing/balance glossopharyngeal - taste vagus - pharynx, larynx, tongue muscles accessory - similar to vagus hypoglossal - muscles of tongue
what is the tongue?
striated muscle covered by mucous membrane
what is the posterior portion of the tongue attached to?
hyoid bone
what are the types of papillae found on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
- filiform papillae - small keratinised projections
- fungiform papillae - bright red spots - taste buds
what is the sulcus terminalis?
v shape seperating the anterior 2/3 and the post 1/3 of the tongue, at the apex of the line is foramen caecum
what lies anterior to the sulcus terminalis?
12 circumvallate papillae
central tissue with trough and taste buds and serous glands of von ebner
innervated by glossopharyngeal
what are the fungiform papillae innervated by?
chorda tympani
what is situated behind the sulcus terminalis?
lymphoid tissue and smooth mucous membrane - gives a nodular appearance
what are the folliate papillae?
found at the sides of the tongue anterior to where the palatoglosal fold flows into the side of the tongue
what is found on the ventral surface of the tongue?
glands of blandin and nuhn - mixed gland
lingual frenum
sublingual vein
plica fimbriata
what are the functions of the tongue?
speech mastication self cleansing taste swallowing protection tactile
what is the tongue divided in half by?
a fibrous septum
what nerve are the muscles of the tongue supplied by?
hypoglossal nerve
palataoglossus - accessory nerve
what are the 2 types of muscles in the tongue?
intrinsic - change shape
extrinsic - change position shape
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
vertical
transverse
describe the genioglossus muscle?
starts at the superior genial tubercle and inserts into the fibres in the tongue, tip of the tongue and the hyoid bone
describe the hypoglossus muscle?
starts at superior body of hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue
describe the styloglossus muscle?
begins at styloid process and enters the tongue below the palatoglossus and to the tip of the tongue
describe the palatoglossus muscle?
begins at the aponeurosis of the soft palate and enters at the side of the tongue
describe the chondroglossus muscle?
begins at the hyoid bone and inserts into the body of the tongue
what nerves are associated with the tongue?
hypoglossal - muscles lingual - common sensation chorda tympani - taste vagus accessory glossopharyngeal
what is the floor of the mouth?
thin mucous membrane attached laterally and anteriorally to the inner surface of the mandible/ continuous with the lingual gingivae and medially continuous with the mucous membrane of the tongue
contains a frenum and whartons duct
what is the mylohyoid muscle?
2 parts converge at a median raphe, starts at mylohyoid line of the mandible, posterior attached to hyoid bone,
supplied by mylohyoid branch of mandibular nerve
what is found sublingually?
geniohyoid muscle
lingual nerve
subglingual salivary gland
submandibular salivary gland
what is found submandibularly?
submandibular salivary gland
digastric
what is the digastric muscle?
below the mylohyoid
digastrci fossa to mastoid notch
posterior belly - facial nerve
anterior belly - mylohyoid branch
what is the geniohyoid muscle?
covers over medial of mylohyoid
runs form inf genial tubercle to anterior of hyoid bone
what is the stylohyoid muscle?
runs from posterior styloid process to hyoid bone
facial nerve supplies
what is the platysma?
runs from fascia of pectoralis of major deltoid muscles to the skin of the chin, oblique line of the mandible, skin and muscles at the angle of the mouth
cervical branch of facial nerve supplies
what happens to the salivary glands when stimulated by:
1 parasympathetic nerve
2 sympathetic nerve
vasodilation and high mineral saliva
vasoconstriction and high mucous saliva
describe the submandibular gland?
empties into whartons duct
mixed saliva
produces 70% of saliva
facial and lingual nerve supplies
describe the sublingual gland?
empties into whartons duct
mucous saliva
produced 5%
facial and lingual nerves supply
functions of saliva?
digestion lubrication protection cleansing taste speech mastication bollus formation
composition of saliva?
99.5% water mucopolysaccharides immunoglobulins amylase minerals lysosyme blood clotting factors enzymes - lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, histatin
describe the parotid gland?
empties into stensons duct
serous saliva
25% of saliva
glossopharyngeal and auriculotemporal nerve
list the order of tooth eruption in the permanent dentition?
upper - 61245378
lower - 61234578
when does root formation finish?
completed 2 years post eruption
list some differences in deciduous teeth compared to permanent dentition?
smaller lighter more bulbous more slender roots and canals more divergent roots less hard enamel increased pulp to crown ratio
describe the maxillary 1st perm incisor?
distal root curvature
2 labial grooves
pronounced cingulum
describe the maxillary 2nd perm incisor?
developmental groove between cingulum and lingual fossa
describe the maxillary perm canine?
longest root, eye tooth
describe the maxillary 1st premolar?
1 buccal 1 palatal root
canine fossa
describe the maxillary 2nd premolar?
1 root no fossa
describe the maxillary 1st perm molar?
palatal, mesiobuccal, distobuccal roots
oblique ridge
cusp of carabelli palatally
describe the maxillary 2nd perm molar?
nil
describe the maxillary 3rd perm molar?
short underdeveloped roots
describe the mandibular 1st per incisor?
concave lingual surface
describe the mandibular 2nd perm incisor?
crown sits squint on the root
describe the mandibular canine?
single flat root
sometimes 2 canals
describe the mandibular 1st premolar?
distal/mesial fossae
mesiolingual groove
describe the mandibular 1st perm molar?
3 buccal, 2 lingual cusps
buccal and lingual grooves
buccal groove ends in foramen caecum
describe the mandibular 2nd perm molar?
2 roots
2 lingual 2 buccal cusps
describe an upper/lower 1st deciduous molar?
upper - 3 roots
lower - 2 roots
tubercle of zuckerhandl - crvical bulge over buccal surface of mesial root
the maxilla is comprise of what?
1 body
4 processes
what are the processes of the maxilla?
frontal
zygomatic
palatine
alveolar process
what is the frontal process of maxilla?
joins frontal bone, nasal bone and lacrimal bone
what is the zygomatic process of maxilla?
joins with zygoma
what is the palatine process of maxilla?
bulk of the hard palate
vomer attached to midline
posterior and horizontal plates of paltine bones
suture seperates maxilla and premaxilla
what is the alveolar process of maxilla?
provides socket for the maxillary dentition
what are the 4 surfaces of the body of the mandible and what are they?
nasal - antrum of highmore
anterior facial surface - main part of skeleton of cheek, incisive/canine fossa
posterior infratemporal surface
superior orbital surface - infraorbital canal - opens at anterioir facial surface
how does the mandible form?
forms in 2 halves and fuses at symphis mentis soon after birth
2 rami, 2 angles 1 body
what are features of the external surface of the mandible?
mental protuberance
mental foramen
oblique line
what are features of the internal surface of the mandible?
mylohyoid line submandibular fossa sublingual fossa digastric fossa superior/inferior genial tubercles
feaures of the ramus?
internal
external
coronoid process, condyle, sigmoid notch, digital fossa
internal - ind.d.foramen, lingula, mylohyoid groove
external - attachment for masseter over which lies parotid gland
what type of joint is the TMJ?
bilateral synovial sliding hinge groove
what does the TMJ involve?
condylar head of mandible glenoid fossa of temporal bone articular eminence of temporal bone tympanic plate - prevents joint moving back squamotympanic fissure
what is the meniscus of the TMJ?
articular disc - tough oval pa of dense fibrous CT
cushions load and stabilises the joint
seperates joint into 2 cavities - permits and regulates the complex movements of the joint
unconsciously detemrines the position by the proprioceptive fibres in the disc
what are the ligaments of the TMJ?
capsular temporomandibular stylomandibular sphenomandibular strengthen and support the joint and limits the excessive movement
describe the capsular ligament?
loose fibrous completely surrounds the joint
articular eminence and circumference of glenoid fossa and inserts into the neck of the condyle
lined with synovial membrane and lubricates/provides nutrients to avascular structures
what is the temporomandiblar ligament?
extends from zygomatic process to neck of condyle
what is the sphenomandibular ligament?
tip of styloid process to angle of mandible
what is depression of the tmj and what causes it?
opening
lateral ptyergoid
digastric
mylohyoid
what is elevation of the tmj and what causes it?
closing
masseter
medial ptyergoid
temporalis
what is retrusion of the tmj and what causes it?
back
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
what is protrusion of the mandible and what causes it?
forward movement
lateral pterygoids
what is lateral swing of the tmj and what causes it?
lateral and medial pterygoids
what are the muscles of masticaiton?
masseter
temporalis
medial and lateral pterygoids
digastric
describe the lateral pytergoid muscle?
extends from lateral pterygoid plate and ifratemporal crest of sphenoid to the capsular ligament and digiital fossa
- pterygoid div of max artery
- ant div of mandibular nerve
what is the medial pterygoid muscle?
runs from lateral pterygoid plate to the internal surface of the mandible
- pterygoid artery of muscular div of max artery
- initial branches of mandibular
closses and elevates
describe the temporalis muscle?
runs from the temporal fossa into a tendon that passes through the zygomatic arch and inserts into the coronoid process
- temproal artery of muscular div of max artery
- temproal branches pf anterior div of mandibular nerv
what is myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome?
no pathological changes in tmj and no pain
jobs of facial muscles?
mastication speech reflexes self cleansing show emotional state guide teeth into eruption
what are the types of facial muscles?
deeply places - e.g orbicularis oris
superficially placed - buccinator
what is the orbicularis oris?
draws lips together and pouts
formed as a continuous sphinctor
runs from bone in upper/lower incisor region and runs to the raphe at the corners of the mouth
what is the buccinator muscle?
forms bulk of the cheeks works with orbicularis oris keeps food on occlusal surfaces during mastication guides teeth into eruption speech self cleansing suckling runs from buccal bone of moalr teeth of maxilla and mandible and pterygomandibular raphe into the fibres at the angle of the mouth and orbicularis oris
what are the superficial facial muscles?
levator labii superioris levator anguli oris zygomatous major and minor risorous depressor labii inferioiris depressor anguli oris mentalis
what do superficial muscles do?
where do they lie?
scorn sorrow smiling
enter lip in a radial form except the mentalis
what is the orbicularis oculi?
radiates around the eye
how does the nasal cavity form?
in 2 halves by nasal septum
what are the areas of the nasal cavity?
anterior vestibule
olfactory area
respiratory region
what is the nasal septum formed of?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer
maxilla
spetal cartilage
what is the nerve supply to the nose?
nasocilliary
maxillary
olfactory
what are found in the lateral walls of the nose?
sup concahe and meatus
mid concha and meatus
inf concha and meatus
describe the paranasal sinuses and list them?
lined with mucous membrane and full of air frontal - 2 ethmoidal - 3 sphenoidal - 2 maxillary
what is the antrum of highmore?
sinus in the body of the maxilla
close to apices of teeth
empties into middle meatus
supplied by anterior and middle sup alv nerves
what are the function of the sinuses?
reduce weight of skull
resonance to voice
shock absorber on impact
what is the hard palate formed of and what are some features?
palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones
incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, lesser palatine foramen, median/transverese suture - crucifomr suture, pre maxilla
what are some soft tissue features of the hard palate?
mucoperiosteum keratinised epithelium rugae incisive papillae palatal raphe
what blood and nerve supply supplies the hard palate?
long sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery
greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
what is the soft palate?
the flap between the oro and nasopharynx
what are the intrinsic muscles of the soft palate?
uvular muscles, pair of banded muscles
run from posterior nasal spine to the uvula
what are the extrinsic muscles of the soft palate?
tensor palati
levator palati
palatoglossus/palatopharyngeus
what is tensor palati?
runs from sphenoid fossa to the pteyrgoid hamulus to the midline of the soft palate
tenses and lifts with levator palati
what is levator palati?
runs from mastoid portion of the temporal bone to the palatine aponeurosis
lifts
what is the palatoglossus?
palatoglossus runs from side of soft palate to the tongue
palatophayrngeus runs from side of soft palate to thyroid area of the pharynx
what supplies the soft palate?
lesser palatine nerves and vessels
where is the lymphoid tissue in the soft palate?
pharyngeal tonsils
what is the salpingopharyngeus?
elevates pharynx and larynx and aids swallowing
opens auditory canal during swallowing
what nerves supply..
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopahrynx
- trigeminal/glossopharyngeal
- glossopharyngeal
- glossopharyngeal and vagus
