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1st year > Oral Biology - bds > Flashcards

Oral Biology - bds Flashcards

1
Q

when do the pharyngeal arches begin development?

A

4th and 5th week i.u

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2
Q

what does the 1st pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

meckels cartilage
MOM
body of tongue

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3
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome?

A

failure of nerual crest migration, facial bone hypoplasia, ear abnormalities, clefts, tooth deformities

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4
Q

what does the 2nd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

facial muscles

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5
Q

how does fusion between the medial nasal processes happen?

A

by elimination of a furrow

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6
Q

how does fusion between the medial and nasal processes happen?

A

true fusion of seperate processes

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7
Q

when does the palate form and what does it do?

A

6-12 weeks

sperates oral and nasal cavities

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8
Q

how does the palate form?

A

at week 7 - the lateral palatal shelves are vertical because there is no space because of the tongue
at week 8 they flip into horizintal direction/contact each other at midline to form the secondary palate

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9
Q

what ossification takes place between the 6-7th week?

A

mandible

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10
Q

what ossification takes place at the 8th week?

A

maxilla
palate
nasal capsule

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11
Q

how does facial growth happen?

A

surface deposition and resorption

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12
Q

what is a cleft lip?

A

failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes

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13
Q

what forms in the 8th week i.u?

A

the palate

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14
Q

how does the mandible form?

A

6 weeks i.u meckels cartilage forms
7 weeks - bone formation starts at the mental foramen and spreads back and forward and up
symphis mentis fuses at 2 years after birth

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15
Q

what happens at 6 weeks i.u?

A

first sign of tooth development
condensation of mesenchymal cells
ectodermal epithelium thickens and protrudes into mesenchymal cells - primary epithelial band

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16
Q

what happens at 7 weeks i.u?

A

primary epithelial band becomes venstibular band and dental lamina
vestibular band - buccally - becomes vestibule
dental lamina - lingually - arch shape where tooth germ develps

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17
Q

what happens during 8 weeks i.u?

A

bud stage

enamel organs form for each tooth

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18
Q

what happens during 12 weeks i.u

A 
cap stage
inner layer - IEE
outer layer - OEE
under inner - dental papilla = pulp
around = fibrous capsule = PDL
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19
Q

what happens during 14 weeks i.u?

A

bell stage
IEE - columnar cells - defines crown shape, become ameolblasts
SI - gives nutrients to and from ameloblasts
SR - protects tissues, maintains tooth shape
OEE - ccuboidal cells - joins IEE at cervical loop = hertwigs sheath of root formation = maps root shape

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20
Q

what is the process of dentinogenesis?

A
  • IEE becomes the odontoblasts and secrete an unmineralised dentine matrix
  • odontoblasts retreat as matrix is deposited and leave a process behind
  • predentine is laid down at surface of pulp
  • mineralisation starts at over 5um
  • spherical zones of HA = calcospherites fuse together
  • odontoblasts retreat in an s shape towards the papilla
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21
Q

what is the name of the 1st mineralised layer of dentine?

A

mantle dentine

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22
Q

what is the name of the rest of the mineralised dentine?

A

circumpulpal dentine

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23
Q

what are the stages of amelogenesis?

A
  • ameolblasts form after deninte matrix
  • calcium and phosphate ions secreted into the matrix and mineralisation starts
  • cells move away from matrix and crystals form
  • enamel prisms run from ADj to surface
  • tomes process flattens and and the REE becomes the JE
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24
Q

what is the tomes process?

A

pyramidal secretory extension of ameolblast which secretes the enamel matrix at the ADJ

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25
Q

when does the root form?

and how does it happen?

A

after crown completion

HRS induces odontoblasts cells = cementoblasts

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26
Q

how does the pdl form?

A

the dental follicle is acted on by fibroblasts and collagen produced, becomes principle fibres of the pdl

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27
Q

how does eruption happen?

A

root formation begins and eruption starts
overlying bone is resorbed by osteoclasts
REE fuses with oral epithelium and becomes the epihelial attachment
- eruption continues until occlusion is met

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28
Q

what is the chemical composition of dentine?

A

70% inorganic - HA
20% - organic - collagen
10% water

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29
Q

where are dentinal tubules situated?

what do they contain?

A

run parallel to each other from pulp to ADJ

odontoblast process

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30
Q

what is peritubular dentine?

A

highly mineralised inside the tubules

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31
Q

what is interglobular dentine?

A

unmineralised dentine

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32
Q

what are incremental lines?

A

contour lines of owen due to pattern of dentinogenesis

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33
Q

what are neonatal lines?

A

primary teeth

1st perm molars

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34
Q

what is the granular layer of tomes?

A

narrow layer of dentine in root under cementum

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35
Q

what is secondary dentine?

A

laid down throughout life at pulp - decreases pulp chamber

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36
Q

what is translucent or sclerotic dentine?

A

obliterated tubules become translucent

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37
Q

what is reparative dentine?

A

laid down at pulp in response to stimulus

severe stimulus - process can be destroyed and contents of the tubule necrose = dead tract

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38
Q

what are the 3 theories of sensitivity and what are they?

A

innervation theory - nerve fibres pass into tubules
odontoblast theory - odontoblasts transmit nerve impulses
brannstomrs hydrodynamic theory - fluid movement

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39
Q

what is the composition of cementum?

A

65% inorganic - HA
23% organic - collagen
water

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40
Q

what is acellular cementum?

A

primary cementum

covers root dentine from CEJ to root apex

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41
Q

what is cellular cementum?

A

thin layer at apical third
secondary cementum
cementoblasts are embedded in matrix/inactivated

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42
Q

where does the CEJ sit?

A

60% of teeth - cementum overlaps enamel
30% of teeth cementum and enamel meet exactly
10% of teeth cementum and enamel do not meet

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43
Q

when does cementum resorption happen?

A

excessive masticatory stress or ortho loading

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44
Q

what is hypercementosis?

A

inreased thickening of cellular cementum bc chronic periapical inflammation/ excessive occlusal attrition. pagets disease

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45
Q

what is ankylosis?

A

cementum fibres fuse with alveolar bone of socket

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46
Q

what is concresece?

A

2 teeth fused by cementum

47
Q

what is the job of pulp?

A

forms odontoblasts
nutrients to odontoblasts
sensory organ
defence cells

48
Q

what is pulp?

A

a soft vascular connective tissue

at the apex of the root - blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

49
Q

where are odontoblasts found?

A

at the periphery of the pulp

50
Q

what is the plexus of raschkow?

A

nerve fibres branching towards periphery of pulp beneath cell free of layer of weil

51
Q

what is the marginal plexus?

A

situated around odontoblasts

with age - decreases volume of the chamber, increased collagen , decreased cellular content and nerve supply

52
Q

what is the PDL and what is its role?

A

specialized fibrous connective tissue, collagenous fibres

  • support
  • maintains functional position
  • forms, maintains and repairs alveolar bone and cementum
  • proprioception
  • rich blood supply - nutrients to cementoblasts
  • proprioception
53
Q

what are cell rests of malassez?

A

remnants of HR sheath found between collagen fibres of pdl

54
Q

what are the gingival fibres of the PDL?

A

dentogingival - attached to cementum/fan out into gingival tissues
trans septal fibres - run horizontal from cervical area of one tooth to adjacent
alveogingival - alveolar crest to free gingiva
circular - encircle neck of tooth
alveolar crest - cervical cementum to alveolar crest

55
Q

what are the principal fibres of the PDL?

A

oblique - alveolar bone to tooth
apical - apex of tooth adjacent to alveolar bone
horizontal - horizontal from cementum to adj alveolar bone
inter radicular - between roots of multirooted teeth and adj alveolar bone

56
Q

what part of the periodontium is touch felt by?

A

PDL

57
Q

what part of the periodontium is pain felt by?

A

dentine and pulp

PDL

58
Q

what part of the periodontium is cold felt by?

A

gingiva
dentine
pulp

59
Q

how is pulp innervated?

A

plexus of rashkow

marginal plexus

60
Q

what are the layers of non keratinised mucosa?

A

superificial layer
intermediate layer
prickle cell layer
basal cell layer

61
Q

what are prickle cells?

A

membrane coating granules discharge contents into the intermediate layer
how a gtn spray works

62
Q

what is the form of non keratinised mucosa?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
submucosa
bone/muscle

63
Q

what are the layers of keratinised mucosa?

A

keratinised layer
granular layer
prickle cell layer
basal cell layer

64
Q

what types of cells are non keratinocytes?

A

merkel cells
melanocytes
langerhans
inflammatory

65
Q

what are salivary glands made up of?

A

lobules

basic secretory unite of acini

66
Q

what are the 2 types of acinous epithelial cells?

A

seruous cells

mucous cells

67
Q

describe seruous cells?

A

polyhedral, thin watery secretions

68
Q

describe mucous cells?

A

cuboidal. viscous secretion rich in mucous

69
Q

when mixed what happens to mucous and seruous cells?

A

serous cells form a cap around the periphery of mucous cells - demilune

70
Q

what are secretions controlled by?

A

autonomic nervous system

71
Q

how does saliva reach the oral cavity?

A

passes through intercalated ducts to striated ducts tp excretory ducts to the oral cavity

72
Q

what is the composition of saliva?

A

99.5% water.
0.5% =
glycoproteins - lubrication, pellicle, protection
amylase - starch to maltose
lactoferrins - antimicrobial
lysozymes - attack cell wall of bacteria
sialoperoxidase - conrols bacterial metabolism
histatins - inhibits candida
statheirn - inhibits calcium and phosphate precipitaion
PRP’s - encourage adhesion of bacteria and inhibit calcium and phosphate adhesion
immunoglobulins - antibodies to prevent infection

73
Q

what inorganic ions are found in saliva?

A

bicarb and phosphate ions - buffer/regulate pH

calcium and phosphate maintain tooth integrity

74
Q

what gasses are found in saliva?

A

dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

75
Q

what is compact bone?

A

cortical/lamellar bone
outer layer of bone
haversian canals run along long axis of bone
osteoblasts deposit bone in concentric layers = lamellae

76
Q

what are lacunae?

A

as matrix is deposited osteoclasts become trapped in hollows = lacunae = become inactive and osteocytes

77
Q

what are canalliculi?

A

osteocytes have small processes which extend into lacunae which form small channels called cannaliculi

78
Q

what is compact bone covered bone?

A

surrounded by dense connective tissue = periosteum

79
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

cancellous/spongy

delicate bony bars and sheets of bone = trabeculae which branch and intersect to form spongy network

80
Q

how is bone remodelling done?

A

osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity

81
Q

how does the bone of the maxilla differ to the mandible?

A

is more vascular and less dense than that of the mandible

82
Q

what is the enamel pellicle made up of?

A 
acidic prp's
statherin
amylase
lysozyme
albumin
immunoglobulins
gtf's
glucose
83
Q

what are mucins?

A

tissue coating found on hard and soft tissues
concentrates anti microbial molecules at the mucosal surface
lubrication, aligned by direction of flow
antimicrobial

84
Q

what are prp’s?

A

acidic - affinity for HA - important for calcium and phosphate levesl
antibacterial

85
Q

what is statherin?

A

prevents calcium and phosphate deposition

86
Q

what is amylase?

A

digestive

bacterial repair

87
Q

what is GTF?

A

encourages bacterial adhesion

88
Q

what are immunoglobulins?

A

IgA/IgG in pellicle

inhibits growth of some species

89
Q

what are cystatins?

A

inhibit proteases - some control in perio disease

90
Q

what are hisatins?

A

antifungal

antibacterial - against s mutans

91
Q

how does the pellicle form?

A

molecules attach immediately
1-2ums thick before bacteria attach
s.sanguinis attach and pellicle becomes plaque
rapid increase in 2 hours

92
Q

what is found in the pellicle that has antibacterial properties?

A

amylases/cystatins/histatins/mucins/peroxidases

93
Q

what is found in the pellicle that is antiviral?

A

cystatins

mucins

94
Q

what is found in the pellicle that is antifungal?

A

histatins

95
Q

what is found in the pellicle that is tissue coating?

A 
amylase
cystatins
mucins
prps
statherin
96
Q

what is found in the pellicle that is lubricating?

A

mucins

statherin

97
Q

what is found in the pellicle that is mineralising?

A

cystatins
histatins
prps
satherins

98
Q

what digests in the pellicle?

A

amylase
mucins
lipase

99
Q

what buffers in the pellicle?

A

histatins

carbonic anhydrases

100
Q

what is the job of the pellicle?

A

selective absorption
diffusion barrier
renwable lubrication - protects from attrition and abrasion

101
Q

what are strong calcium phosphate inhibitors?
moderate?
weak?

A

satherin, acidic prps
histatins, cystatins
mucins and amylase

102
Q

where does lingual lipase come from?

A

serous glands of von ebner

1st phase fat digestion

103
Q

what are the components of the periodontium?

A

PDL
alveolar bone
gingiva

104
Q

what is the role of bone in the periodontium?

A

rigidity

attachment of muscles and teeth

105
Q

what is the composition of bone?

A

65% - largely HA
25% - organic - 90% type 1 10% ground substance
10% water

106
Q

how often is bone completely replaced?

A

every 10 years

107
Q

how is bone arranged in alveolar bone?

A

lamina dura fills socket
surrounded by cortical and contact bone
filled with trabeculous bine

108
Q

what is the role of calcium?

A

decreased membrane permeability
decreased cell excitability
hard tissue formation
blood clotting

109
Q

what is the role of the parathyroid gland?

A

PTH released in response to reduced calcium,withdraws calcium from bone

110
Q

what is the role of calcitonin?

A

released from c cells

prevent high levels of calcium

111
Q

what is the role of vitamin d?

A

increased calcium absorption in the intestine

112
Q

what are the eruption push theories?

A

root formation
pulp proliferation
bone formation
fluid pressure

113
Q

what are the eruption of pull theories?

A

pdl - collagen contraction
fibroblast contraction
fibroblast migration

1st year (8 decks)

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