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1st year > Oral Biology - bds > Flashcards

Oral Biology - bds Flashcards

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1
Q

when do the pharyngeal arches begin development?

A

4th and 5th week i.u

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2
Q

what does the 1st pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

meckels cartilage
MOM
body of tongue

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3
Q

what is treacher collins syndrome?

A

failure of nerual crest migration, facial bone hypoplasia, ear abnormalities, clefts, tooth deformities

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4
Q

what does the 2nd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

facial muscles

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5
Q

how does fusion between the medial nasal processes happen?

A

by elimination of a furrow

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6
Q

how does fusion between the medial and nasal processes happen?

A

true fusion of seperate processes

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7
Q

when does the palate form and what does it do?

A

6-12 weeks

sperates oral and nasal cavities

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8
Q

how does the palate form?

A

at week 7 - the lateral palatal shelves are vertical because there is no space because of the tongue
at week 8 they flip into horizintal direction/contact each other at midline to form the secondary palate

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9
Q

what ossification takes place between the 6-7th week?

A

mandible

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10
Q

what ossification takes place at the 8th week?

A

maxilla
palate
nasal capsule

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11
Q

how does facial growth happen?

A

surface deposition and resorption

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12
Q

what is a cleft lip?

A

failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes

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13
Q

what forms in the 8th week i.u?

A

the palate

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14
Q

how does the mandible form?

A

6 weeks i.u meckels cartilage forms
7 weeks - bone formation starts at the mental foramen and spreads back and forward and up
symphis mentis fuses at 2 years after birth

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15
Q

what happens at 6 weeks i.u?

A

first sign of tooth development
condensation of mesenchymal cells
ectodermal epithelium thickens and protrudes into mesenchymal cells - primary epithelial band

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16
Q

what happens at 7 weeks i.u?

A

primary epithelial band becomes venstibular band and dental lamina
vestibular band - buccally - becomes vestibule
dental lamina - lingually - arch shape where tooth germ develps

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17
Q

what happens during 8 weeks i.u?

A

bud stage

enamel organs form for each tooth

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18
Q

what happens during 12 weeks i.u

A 
cap stage
inner layer - IEE
outer layer - OEE
under inner - dental papilla = pulp
around = fibrous capsule = PDL
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19
Q

what happens during 14 weeks i.u?

A

bell stage
IEE - columnar cells - defines crown shape, become ameolblasts
SI - gives nutrients to and from ameloblasts
SR - protects tissues, maintains tooth shape
OEE - ccuboidal cells - joins IEE at cervical loop = hertwigs sheath of root formation = maps root shape

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20
Q

what is the process of dentinogenesis?

A
  • IEE becomes the odontoblasts and secrete an unmineralised dentine matrix
  • odontoblasts retreat as matrix is deposited and leave a process behind
  • predentine is laid down at surface of pulp
  • mineralisation starts at over 5um
  • spherical zones of HA = calcospherites fuse together
  • odontoblasts retreat in an s shape towards the papilla
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21
Q

what is the name of the 1st mineralised layer of dentine?

A

mantle dentine

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22
Q

what is the name of the rest of the mineralised dentine?

A

circumpulpal dentine

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23
Q

what are the stages of amelogenesis?

A
  • ameolblasts form after deninte matrix
  • calcium and phosphate ions secreted into the matrix and mineralisation starts
  • cells move away from matrix and crystals form
  • enamel prisms run from ADj to surface
  • tomes process flattens and and the REE becomes the JE
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24
Q

what is the tomes process?

A

pyramidal secretory extension of ameolblast which secretes the enamel matrix at the ADJ

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25
when does the root form? | and how does it happen?
after crown completion | HRS induces odontoblasts cells = cementoblasts
26
how does the pdl form?
the dental follicle is acted on by fibroblasts and collagen produced, becomes principle fibres of the pdl
27
how does eruption happen?
root formation begins and eruption starts overlying bone is resorbed by osteoclasts REE fuses with oral epithelium and becomes the epihelial attachment - eruption continues until occlusion is met
28
what is the chemical composition of dentine?
70% inorganic - HA 20% - organic - collagen 10% water
29
where are dentinal tubules situated? | what do they contain?
run parallel to each other from pulp to ADJ | odontoblast process
30
what is peritubular dentine?
highly mineralised inside the tubules
31
what is interglobular dentine?
unmineralised dentine
32
what are incremental lines?
contour lines of owen due to pattern of dentinogenesis
33
what are neonatal lines?
primary teeth | 1st perm molars
34
what is the granular layer of tomes?
narrow layer of dentine in root under cementum
35
what is secondary dentine?
laid down throughout life at pulp - decreases pulp chamber
36
what is translucent or sclerotic dentine?
obliterated tubules become translucent
37
what is reparative dentine?
laid down at pulp in response to stimulus | severe stimulus - process can be destroyed and contents of the tubule necrose = dead tract
38
what are the 3 theories of sensitivity and what are they?
innervation theory - nerve fibres pass into tubules odontoblast theory - odontoblasts transmit nerve impulses brannstomrs hydrodynamic theory - fluid movement
39
what is the composition of cementum?
65% inorganic - HA 23% organic - collagen water
40
what is acellular cementum?
primary cementum | covers root dentine from CEJ to root apex
41
what is cellular cementum?
thin layer at apical third secondary cementum cementoblasts are embedded in matrix/inactivated
42
where does the CEJ sit?
60% of teeth - cementum overlaps enamel 30% of teeth cementum and enamel meet exactly 10% of teeth cementum and enamel do not meet
43
when does cementum resorption happen?
excessive masticatory stress or ortho loading
44
what is hypercementosis?
inreased thickening of cellular cementum bc chronic periapical inflammation/ excessive occlusal attrition. pagets disease
45
what is ankylosis?
cementum fibres fuse with alveolar bone of socket
46
what is concresece?
2 teeth fused by cementum
47
what is the job of pulp?
forms odontoblasts nutrients to odontoblasts sensory organ defence cells
48
what is pulp?
a soft vascular connective tissue | at the apex of the root - blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
49
where are odontoblasts found?
at the periphery of the pulp
50
what is the plexus of raschkow?
nerve fibres branching towards periphery of pulp beneath cell free of layer of weil
51
what is the marginal plexus?
situated around odontoblasts | with age - decreases volume of the chamber, increased collagen , decreased cellular content and nerve supply
52
what is the PDL and what is its role?
specialized fibrous connective tissue, collagenous fibres - support - maintains functional position - forms, maintains and repairs alveolar bone and cementum - proprioception - rich blood supply - nutrients to cementoblasts - proprioception
53
what are cell rests of malassez?
remnants of HR sheath found between collagen fibres of pdl
54
what are the gingival fibres of the PDL?
dentogingival - attached to cementum/fan out into gingival tissues trans septal fibres - run horizontal from cervical area of one tooth to adjacent alveogingival - alveolar crest to free gingiva circular - encircle neck of tooth alveolar crest - cervical cementum to alveolar crest
55
what are the principal fibres of the PDL?
oblique - alveolar bone to tooth apical - apex of tooth adjacent to alveolar bone horizontal - horizontal from cementum to adj alveolar bone inter radicular - between roots of multirooted teeth and adj alveolar bone
56
what part of the periodontium is touch felt by?
PDL
57
what part of the periodontium is pain felt by?
dentine and pulp | PDL
58
what part of the periodontium is cold felt by?
gingiva dentine pulp
59
how is pulp innervated?
plexus of rashkow | marginal plexus
60
what are the layers of non keratinised mucosa?
superificial layer intermediate layer prickle cell layer basal cell layer
61
what are prickle cells?
membrane coating granules discharge contents into the intermediate layer how a gtn spray works
62
what is the form of non keratinised mucosa?
epithelium lamina propria submucosa bone/muscle
63
what are the layers of keratinised mucosa?
keratinised layer granular layer prickle cell layer basal cell layer
64
what types of cells are non keratinocytes?
merkel cells melanocytes langerhans inflammatory
65
what are salivary glands made up of?
lobules | basic secretory unite of acini
66
what are the 2 types of acinous epithelial cells?
seruous cells | mucous cells
67
describe seruous cells?
polyhedral, thin watery secretions
68
describe mucous cells?
cuboidal. viscous secretion rich in mucous
69
when mixed what happens to mucous and seruous cells?
serous cells form a cap around the periphery of mucous cells - demilune
70
what are secretions controlled by?
autonomic nervous system
71
how does saliva reach the oral cavity?
passes through intercalated ducts to striated ducts tp excretory ducts to the oral cavity
72
what is the composition of saliva?
99.5% water. 0.5% = glycoproteins - lubrication, pellicle, protection amylase - starch to maltose lactoferrins - antimicrobial lysozymes - attack cell wall of bacteria sialoperoxidase - conrols bacterial metabolism histatins - inhibits candida statheirn - inhibits calcium and phosphate precipitaion PRP's - encourage adhesion of bacteria and inhibit calcium and phosphate adhesion immunoglobulins - antibodies to prevent infection
73
what inorganic ions are found in saliva?
bicarb and phosphate ions - buffer/regulate pH | calcium and phosphate maintain tooth integrity
74
what gasses are found in saliva?
dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
75
what is compact bone?
cortical/lamellar bone outer layer of bone haversian canals run along long axis of bone osteoblasts deposit bone in concentric layers = lamellae
76
what are lacunae?
as matrix is deposited osteoclasts become trapped in hollows = lacunae = become inactive and osteocytes
77
what are canalliculi?
osteocytes have small processes which extend into lacunae which form small channels called cannaliculi
78
what is compact bone covered bone?
surrounded by dense connective tissue = periosteum
79
what is trabecular bone?
cancellous/spongy | delicate bony bars and sheets of bone = trabeculae which branch and intersect to form spongy network
80
how is bone remodelling done?
osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity
81
how does the bone of the maxilla differ to the mandible?
is more vascular and less dense than that of the mandible
82
what is the enamel pellicle made up of?
``` acidic prp's statherin amylase lysozyme albumin immunoglobulins gtf's glucose ```
83
what are mucins?
tissue coating found on hard and soft tissues concentrates anti microbial molecules at the mucosal surface lubrication, aligned by direction of flow antimicrobial
84
what are prp's?
acidic - affinity for HA - important for calcium and phosphate levesl antibacterial
85
what is statherin?
prevents calcium and phosphate deposition
86
what is amylase?
digestive | bacterial repair
87
what is GTF?
encourages bacterial adhesion
88
what are immunoglobulins?
IgA/IgG in pellicle | inhibits growth of some species
89
what are cystatins?
inhibit proteases - some control in perio disease
90
what are hisatins?
antifungal | antibacterial - against s mutans
91
how does the pellicle form?
molecules attach immediately 1-2ums thick before bacteria attach s.sanguinis attach and pellicle becomes plaque rapid increase in 2 hours
92
what is found in the pellicle that has antibacterial properties?
amylases/cystatins/histatins/mucins/peroxidases
93
what is found in the pellicle that is antiviral?
cystatins | mucins
94
what is found in the pellicle that is antifungal?
histatins
95
what is found in the pellicle that is tissue coating?
``` amylase cystatins mucins prps statherin ```
96
what is found in the pellicle that is lubricating?
mucins | statherin
97
what is found in the pellicle that is mineralising?
cystatins histatins prps satherins
98
what digests in the pellicle?
amylase mucins lipase
99
what buffers in the pellicle?
histatins | carbonic anhydrases
100
what is the job of the pellicle?
selective absorption diffusion barrier renwable lubrication - protects from attrition and abrasion
101
what are strong calcium phosphate inhibitors? moderate? weak?
satherin, acidic prps histatins, cystatins mucins and amylase
102
where does lingual lipase come from?
serous glands of von ebner | 1st phase fat digestion
103
what are the components of the periodontium?
PDL alveolar bone gingiva
104
what is the role of bone in the periodontium?
rigidity | attachment of muscles and teeth
105
what is the composition of bone?
65% - largely HA 25% - organic - 90% type 1 10% ground substance 10% water
106
how often is bone completely replaced?
every 10 years
107
how is bone arranged in alveolar bone?
lamina dura fills socket surrounded by cortical and contact bone filled with trabeculous bine
108
what is the role of calcium?
decreased membrane permeability decreased cell excitability hard tissue formation blood clotting
109
what is the role of the parathyroid gland?
PTH released in response to reduced calcium,withdraws calcium from bone
110
what is the role of calcitonin?
released from c cells | prevent high levels of calcium
111
what is the role of vitamin d?
increased calcium absorption in the intestine
112
what are the eruption push theories?
root formation pulp proliferation bone formation fluid pressure
113
what are the eruption of pull theories?
pdl - collagen contraction fibroblast contraction fibroblast migration

1st year (8 decks)

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