Oral and Smoked Stimulants

Question 1

What is a stimulant?

Answer 1

stimulate the central nervous system, producing a sense of power and well being; they alleviate fatigue and drowsiness, but increase levels of agitation, apprehension and anxiety; results in possible addiction

Question 2

What is a depressant?

Answer 2

depress the central nervous system, leading to a sense of euphoria and well-being; high dosage produces sedation with calming and tranquilizing effects, they are hypnotic and anesthetic; potential for addiction

Question 3

What is a hallucinogen?

Answer 3

induce abnormal changes in perception, thought, and mood; don’t affect the autonomic nervous system; aren’t generally addictive

Question 4

Identifying traits of betel

Answer 4

tree-like palm species, native to Indonesia

Question 5

Where is there evidence of use of the betel nut?

Answer 5

Spirit Cave in Thailand

Question 6

What is betel known as in India?

Answer 6

paan

Question 7

What are the active principles of betel?

Answer 7

nicotinic-acid based alkaloids arecaidine and arecoline(are thought to be as addictive as nicotine)

Question 8

What are the medical benefits of arecaidine and arecoline?

Answer 8

expel intestinal worms

Question 9

What is usually added to betel?

Answer 9

Gambir (resinous substance obtained by steam distillation of leaves of uncaria gambir) and tobacco

Question 10

What is betel leaf in the same genus as?

Answer 10

black pepper

Question 11

How is betel acid reduced?

Answer 11

adding mineral lime or any other calcium salt

Question 12

Identifying traits of tobacco

Answer 12

solanaceae (tomato) family, annual herb, native to South America

Question 13

How was tobacco used before European contact?

Answer 13

ceremonies, divination, healing sessions, pleasure, social interaction

Question 14

Rank products by addiction

Answer 14

Nicotine, methamphetamine, crack cocaine, alcohol, heroin, caffeine, marijuana, psilocybin, LSD, mescaline

Question 15

How can tobacco be ingested?

Answer 15

Leaves smoked, chewed, or snuffed, and salves can be rubbed onto skin

Question 16

What are the alkaloids in tobacco?

Answer 16

pyridine alkaloids nicotine and nornicotine

Question 17

What did John Gerard’s Herbal recommend tobacco for?

Answer 17

headaches, toothaches, skin problems, burns , dropsy, piles, colic, expel intestinal worms

Question 18

How does nicotine work?

Answer 18

Stimulates neurotransmission by mimicking acetylcholine, while stimulating dopamine and adrenaline; blocks neurotransmission; initially stimulates but blocks sensory receptors on skin responsible for detecting pain, and is an appetite suppressant

Question 19

How many cigarettes were consumed prior to the Report on Smoking and Health?

Answer 19

4300 per person per year

Question 20

How much tar did a cigarette used to contain?

Answer 20

30 mg

Question 21

How successful are stop smoking aids?

Answer 21

Fewer than 25% of patients stop smoking for at least a year

Question 22

What are the medicinal benefits of tobacco?

Answer 22

alleviates symptoms of Parkinson’s, Tourette’s and Alzheimer’s

Question 23

Identifying traits of khat

Answer 23

shrub native to Africa, cultivated on terraced hills

Question 24

Active principle of khat?

Answer 24

cathinone, amphetamine-like drug

Question 25

What does cathinone do?

Answer 25

Stimulates release of neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic terminals; results in increased alertness, elevated mood, excitement, hyperactivity, insomnia, and increased blood pressure

Question 26

How is khat transported?

Answer 26

In fresh banana leaves by air

Question 27

What type is khat classed as in the US?

Answer 27

Schedule I (high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use, lack of accepted safety)

Question 28

Identifying traits of coca

Answer 28

shrub native to South America

Question 29

What effects does chewing coca leaves have?

Answer 29

Mild stimulating effect without addiction of cocaine; traditionally practiced to increase concentration and stamina, overcome hunger and fatigue, and treat headaches, nausea and altitude sickness

Question 30

Who banned the chewing of coca leaves?

Answer 30

Spaniards

Question 31

Who isolated the active principle cocaine?

Answer 31

Albert Niemann

Question 32

What drug was cocaine used to alleviate the suffering of?

Answer 32

morphine

Question 33

Who published a study on the addictive properties of cocaine?

Answer 33

Freud

Question 34

William Halstead read a study on the use of cocaine in what?

Answer 34

eye surgery

Question 35

What french tonic wine did the Pope recommend and what was it made of?

Answer 35

vin mariana; 11% alcohol and 6.5 mg of cocaine per ounce

Question 36

Who developed Coca-Cola?

Answer 36

Pemberton

Question 37

What were ingredients in the original Coca-Cola?

Answer 37

60 mg of cocaine and four times caffeine that we have today

Question 38

When was cocaine banned?

Answer 38

1914

Question 39

What was the first medicinal use of cocaine?

Answer 39

anesthetic in eye surgery and dentistry

Question 40

What was a semi-synthetic replacement for cocaine?

Answer 40

procaine (Novocain); doesn’t stimulate central nervous system

Question 41

How does cocaine exert its effect?

Answer 41

Alters synaptic transmission in the central nervous system; blocks reuptake of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and dopamine)

Question 42

How is crack cocaine obtained?

Answer 42

processing cocaine with ammonia or baking soda

Question 43

How is cocaine hydrochloride obtained?

Answer 43

dissolving cocaine in hydrochloric acid to form a water soluble powder

Question 44

Why is it called “crack” cocaine?

Answer 44

when smoked, carbon dioxide is released which crackles