Oral Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What are the three types of membrane in the oral cavity?
- Lining Membrane
- Masticatory Membrane
- Specialised Membrane
What is this oral cavity lined with?
Epithelial membrane.
Which epithelial membrane appears as a red, smooth and moist membrane which can be squashed and stretched?
The lining membrane.
Where would you find the lining membrane?
The inner surfaces of the cheeks and lips, the floor of the mouth, the upper side of the tongue and the soft palate.
What does the lining membrane do?
Provides a physical barrier between anything entering the oval cavity and the deep structures of the oral cavity. It also acts as a cushion, provides lubrication and cleansing.
Which membrane covers the gingivae, the edges and topside of the tongue and the hard palate?
Masticatory membrane.
What does the masticatory membrane appear like?
Appears red, ridged and stippled. It forms the mucoperiosteum where it lies over the alveolar processes.
Which membrane provides a hard-wearing surface that prevents traumatic damage from food, chemicals and OH products?
Masticatory Membrane
Which membrane provides taste sensation?
Specialised Membrane.
Which membrane is interspersed throughout the masticatory membrane covering of the topside and edges of the tongue?
Specialised Membrane.
The specialised membrane appears as what?
A discrete papillary structures of the taste buds in a visible pattern over the tongue.
Where is the buccal sulcus?
The space between the posterior teeth and the mucous membrane lining th
What is found between the posterior teeth and the mucous membrane lining the cheeks?
The buccal sulcus.
What is found between the anterior teeth and the lips?
The labial sulcus.
What is the name of fibrous tissue that attaches the gingivae to the upper lip and the floor of the mouth to the tongue?
Frenum
If the Frenum is thicker than usual what may it create within the gingivae?
Median Diastema
What is the name of fibrous tissue that attaches the gingivae to the upper lip and the floor of the mouth to the tongue?
Frenum and Lingual Frenum
If the Frenum is thicker than usual what may it create within the gingivae?
Median Diastema
What is the purpose of the soft palate?
To seal the oral cavity from the nasal passage to prevent food passing through it when swallowing.
What is the uvula?
The dangly bit at the back of the throat that you can see yourself when looking in the mirror.
What is the correct term for swallowing?
Deglutition.
What is is called when there is excess lingual Frenum?
Short tongued or tongue tied.
Give three examples of some of the various tastebuds?
- Filiform papillae
- Fungiform papillae
- Vallate papillae
What is the tongues purpose?
- Speech - allows certain sounds to be created S/T/N.
- Taste - allows recognition of the basic tastes.
- Aids Mastication - assists the buccinator muscles to package food into a bolus before swallowing.
- Aids Swallowing - guides the bolus to the back of the mouth.
- Cleansing - helps to dislodge food particles around the food particles.
What is Glossitis?
Soreness and inflammation of the tongue.
What can cause Glossitis?
- Anaemia
- Vitamin B deficiency
- Hormonal disturbances (including pregnancy)
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing.
What are deciduous teeth?
Children’s teeth! Referred to as letters.
What is tooth morphology?
The detailed anatomical shape of each tooth.
How many molars are included in primary dentition?
Two molars. No premolars present.
What are the three defined sections of a tooth?
- Crown
- Neck
- Root
What are the four tissues called that a tooth is made up of?
- Enamel
- Dentine
- Cementum
- Pulp
What is enamel?
A highly calcified coating that protects the crown by covering it. It is the hardest substance in the human body.
What is enamel made up of?
96% mineral crystal arranged at prisms known as the interprismatic substance
What is the main mineral crystal build up in enamel?
Calcium hydroxyapatite
What forms enamel?
Ameloblast cells.
What is the junction called between the enamel and dentine?
Amelodentinal junction - ADJ.
Enamel is a non-living tissue which cannot grow and repair itself. True or False?
True.
How does enamel remineralise?
By taking in minerals from saliva and OH products such as toothpaste and mouthwash contacting fluoride.
Where is the enamel layer thickest?
Over the biting surface - occlusal edge.
When hydroxyl ions meet fluoride, what happens to the hydroxyapatite?
It becomes fluorapatite crystals making the enamel surface harder and more resistant.
What colour is enamel?
Transparent.
What determines the colour of a tooth?
Dentine.
What is dentine?
The tissue that forms the main bulk of a tooth and occupies the interior of the crown and root.
Dentine is made up of 80% inorganic tissues. Name one of them?
Calcium hydroxyapatite.
What cells are capable of reproducing dentine and lie along the inner edge of the pulp chamber?
Odontoblasts.
Within the hollow tubes of dentine, what are the sensory nerves called?
Fibrils.
What does dentine do?
Transmits sensations of pain and thermal changes to the brain.
What is cementum?
The calcified protective outer coating of the root and is similar in structure to bone.
Where does cementum and enamel meet?
At the neck of the tooth.
What cells form cementum?
Cementoblasts.
The cementum contains no blood vessels or nerves. True or False?
True - it receives nutrients from the periodontal ligament.
What is pulp made up of?
Sensory nerves and blood vessels.
The sensory nerves in pulp are the ends of what nerve?
Fifth Cranial Nerve - Trigeminal Nerve (V cn).
The sensory nerves connect to what nerve in the Trigeminal nerve for the upper and lower teeth?
Lower teeth - inferior dental nerve
Upper teeth - superior dental nerve
The sensory nerves within the pulp allow what to happen?
They allow the tooth to feel hot/cold/touch/pain.
What do the pulp tissues enter the tooth through?
Apical foramen which lies at the apex of every tooth.
What is the pulp chamber lined by?
Odontoblasts.
Why may endodontic treatment become more difficult with older patients?
The pulp chamber gradually closes with age.
What are pulp stones?
Lumps of calcium containing crystals which can block the pulp chamber.
The point where cementum and dentine meet is called?
Dentinocemental junction.
How many deciduous teeth do we have?
20 - 10 in each jaw.
When do teeth begin to develop?
Around 6 weeks after conception.
How many cusps does the first primary molar have?
Four
How many cusps does the second primary molar have?
Five.
What is exfoliation?
When the roots of the primary teeth are absorbed by the underlying permanent teeth. Causing them to gradually become loose and fall out.
Why are the roots of primary tooth referred to as divergent?
They are splayed out to accommodate the underlying tooth.
When do deciduous teeth begin to develop?
Around 6 months of age.
What age are all deciduous teeth usually present by?
29 months old - about 2 and a half
Which five deciduous teeth are present in each quadrant?
Central and lateral incisor, canine, and the first and second molars.
How many roots to the upper first and second molars have?
Three
How many roots to the lower first and second molars have?
Two
What are the eruption dates of the lower deciduous teeth?
A - 8 months B - 13 months C - 20 months D - 16 months E - 27 months
What are the eruption dates for the upper deciduous teeth?
A - 10 months B - 11 months C - 19 months D - 16 months E - 29 months
How many permanent teeth do we have?
32
What age do permanent teeth begin to erupt at?
6 years of age.
Upper permanent teeth eruption dates are?
Central incisors - 6/7 Lateral incisors - 8/9 Canine - 10/12 First premolar - 9/11 Second premolar - 10/11 First molar - 6/7 Second molar - 12/13 Third molar - 18/25
6, 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 7, 8.
Lower permanent teeth eruption dates are?
Central incisors - 6/7 Lateral incisors - 7/8 Canine - 9/10 First premolar - 9/11 Second premolar - 9/11 First molar - 6/7 Second molar - 11/12 Third molar - 18/25
6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
How many cusps does the first permanent molar have?
Five.
How many roots does the upper four have?
Two!
What are alveolar crest fibres?
They run from the alveolar bone crest to the cementum at the neck of the tooth. They prevent tooth movement.
What are the horizontal fibres?
They run horizontally from the alveolar bone to the cementum and lie just below the alveolar crest fibres. They resist movement of the tooth.
What are the oblique fibres?
They run at an angle from the alveolar bone down to the cementum.
What are the apical fibres?
They occur at the tooth apex and they run between the bone and cementum.
What are transept so fibres?
They run between the cementum of adjacent teeth through the interdental region and they help to maintain the marginal gingival attachments between teeth.
What are free gingival fibres?
They run from the cervical cementum into the gingival papillae.
What are the fibres in the periodontal ligament made up of?
Protein known as collagen.
What is the proprioception?
The tooths ability to detect and transmit sensation.
Where is the parotid salivary gland located?
Between the ramus of the mandible and the ear.
Which gland would you find located in the posterior area of the floor of the mouth, beneath the mylohyoid gland?
Submandibular salivary gland.
Where is the sublingual salivary gland located?
Located in the anterior floor of the mouth. Above the mylohyoid muscle.
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid.
What is the tube connecting the parotid gland to the oval cavity called?
Stenson duct.
Which salivary gland is the longest?
Submandibular gland.
Which duct connects the submandibular gland to the oral cavity?
Wharton duct.
What do mucous secretory cells produce?
A thick, mucous like secretion which aids lubrication in the oral cavity. It contains minerals and enzymes.
Which cell produces a thin serum like secretion containing antibodies and electrolytes?
Serous secretory cells.
What components does salvia contain?
- Minerals such as sodium, calcium, potassium and electrolytes
- Salivary amylase
- Antibodies
- Leucocytes
- Mucus
- Other enzymes
- Water
What is xerostomia?
Dry mouth.
What is ptyalism?
Excessive salivation - usually a symptom of an underlying disease rather than a disorder of its own.
