Mircobiology And Pathology Flashcards
What are microorganisms referred to if they cannot produce disease?
Non-pathogens
What are microorganisms known as if they are capable of producing disease?
Pathogenic
Name three types of microorganisms
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Viruses
Give an example of a disease produced by prion proteins?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Why is CJD becoming such a big concern in dentistry?
It cannot be killed by routine sterilisation and decontamination processes. These bacterium specifically affect nerve tissue and this is why endodontic instruments have become single use.
What shape are cocci bacteria?
Circular micro organisms. Clusters of these particular shape are called staphylococci and those living in chains are known as streptococci.
What shape are bacilli bacteria?
Rod shaped Bacteria. With pointed ends they are known as bacilli fusiformis and with rounded ends they are known as lactobacilli.
What are spirochaetes shaped like?
Spiral shaped.
What is a spore?
A bacterium that can survive outside its normal conditions. They have a hard outer coating that protects them from chemicals, drought and variation of temperatures.
What are bacteria known as when they can survive in low oxygen levels?
Anaerobic bacteria.
What bacteria have to have oxygen to survive?
Aerobic bacteria.
What does streptococcus mutans commonly cause?
Bacteria found at the first sight of dental caries.
Where is streptococcus sanguis found?
In plaque
What other bacteria may be found during the process of decay?
Lactobacillus
What bacteria is associated with ANUG - acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis?
Bacillus fusiformis
Which are bigger, viruses or bacteria?
Bacteria
Why are viruses difficult to treat?
Because there are very little drugs developed to fight viral infections.
Name a drug related to dentistry that has been developed to fight a viral infection? And which viral infection is it?
Aciclovir - a topical cream which treats cold sore lesions.
What is a vaccination?
A harmless dose of a viral infection injected or given orally to help develop the presence of antibodies
What is the herpes simplex type 1 virus?
Cold sores.
What is Epstein-Barr?
Glandular fever.
What is herpes varicella?
Chicken pox
What is HIV?
A blood borne fatal viral infection.
What is herpes zoster?
Shingles.
What is paramyxovirus?
Mumps.
What is coxsackivirus?
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
If a patient is suffering from a viral infection what is the best thing to do?
Avoid the appointment - avoid the risk of spreading.
Which is fungi?
A plant like organism - microscopic colonies of mushrooms and toadstools.
Where do fungi commonly form?
Tend to live on the outer surface of the body.
Name the one fungal infection which is most important to a dental professional?
Candida Albicans.
What fungal infection appears as white film on the tongue and when removed reveals red, sore patches?
Oral thrush.
Which fungal infection has common symptoms of s sore mouth under a denture or removable appliance?
Denture stomatitis.
Which fungal infection cause the corners of the mouth to crack or become sore?
Angular Cheilitis.
What’s the most potential cause of illness and disease in a patient?
Infection.
What are the bodies three natural lines of defence?
- Intact skin and mucus membranes - physical barriers
- Surface secretions on the skin or mucus membranes - salvia, gastric juices, sweat and tears.
- Inflammatory response if the skin is breached.
How can infections occur?
- Direct contact - bodily fluids.
- Airborne droplets - sneezing, coughing or spitting.
- Aerosol spray - created during the use of dental hand pieces and water sprays.
- Direct entry - through damaged skin eg. cuts, grazes or eyes
- Inoculation injury - piercing of the skin with a contaminated instrument.
What are the five classic signs of inflammation?
Heat, swelling, redness, pain and loss of function
What is natural immunity?
Present from birth - being randomly inherited.
What is passive immunity?
Inherited from the mothers own pool of immunity and antitoxins. Present from birth.
What is acquired immunity?
Creation of the necessary antibodies and antitoxins during a pathogen attack.
How else can you acquire immunity?
From a harmless does of a pathogen - vaccination.
What is mutation?
When a micro organism changes their chemical make up and creates a new variation of the disease.
What must dental staff be vaccinated against?
- Hepatitis B
- MMR
- Tuberculosis and whooping cough
- Poliomyelitis
- Diphtheria and Tetanus
- Chicken Pox
- Meningitis
What does ANUG stand for?
Acute Necrotising Ulcerative Gingivitis
What is a bacterial infection within a periodontal pocket called?
Periodontal access
What is an infection of the hard tissues?
Dental caries
What is the infection of the gingivae called?
Periodontal disease
What is the formation of an abscess at the apex called?
Periodical abscess
What is the infection of the soft tissues causing ulceration called?
Herpetic ulceration
What is a dental cyst?
Cyst formation associated with a tooth - erupted or unerupted.
What is a cyst that forms within the jaw bone called?
Alveolar bone cyst.
What is acute bacterial infection of the soft tissues called when associated with a partially erupted tooth?
Periocoronitis.
What is localised osteitis?
Bacterial infection of the bony walls of an extraction socket.
What is cellulitis?
Bacterial infection from a tooth into the surrounding deep soft tissue structures.
90% of oral cancers affect the…?
Soft tissues as lesions known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC).
Lifestyle factors that can contribute oral cancers?
Smoking and drinking habits.
Bacteria can become immune to antibiotics if taken over a prolonged period. True or False?
True
What would penicillin be used to treat?
Pericoronitis and Cellulitis.
What is the typical dose prescribed of penicillin?
250mg taken four times daily.
Why else may penicillin be prescribed to a patient?
To prevent secondary infection after oral surgery procedures.
What is typical dosage for amoxicillin?
500mg three times daily.
What is erythromycin?
An alternative for Penicillin
What is Metronidazole prescribed to treat?
Used against anaerobic bacteria. Often associated with Pericoronitis, Periodontal disease and ANUG.
Typical prescribed dosage of Metronidazole?
200-400mg taken three times daily.
