Opthamology:Glaucoma Flashcards
What are risk factors for glaucoma
increased IOP, central corneal thickness (thinner), optic nerve damage, age, race, gender, family history
What drugs are most likely to cause open-angle glaucoma
Opthalmci corticosteriods, systemic/nasal/inhaled corticosteroids, opthalmic anticholinergics
Which glaucoma is considered a medical emergency, what side effects are seen
Angle closure (IOP greater than 40 and sudden), nausea/vomiting, orbital pain, halos
What are high risk meds that can cause angle closure glaucoma
Topical anticholinergics and sympathomimetics, systemic anticholinergics, anti-depressants, antihistamines
What is the pathophysiology of closed angle gluacoma
Iris bends inward to hit the cornea to cause a physical blockage that doesn’t leave the posterior chamber
What is the determining factor to diagnose glaucoma
If cup-disc ratio is GREATER than 0.5 (sign of optic nerve damage)
T/F: Patients who are starting to get glaucoma will have tunnel vision (no periphery/only central)
True
What is the goal change in IOP for treating glaucoma, what value is related to reduction in visual field defects
30% decrease from baseline, less than 18 mmHg
What are the targets of glaucoma treatment
Inflow (ciliary body), Trabecular outflow (conventional passage 85%), Uveoscleral outlfow (unconventional passage 15%)
What are the beta- blockers used in glaucoma, what is the MOA
timolol, betaxolol, carteolol, leveunolol, metipranolol/ Reduce the aqueous humor production of the ciliary body
What is the only beta-blocker that is selective, selective for what, when would it be preferred
Betaxolol Beta-1 selective, pulmonary disorder
How often are the beta-blockers dosed, what is the exception
1 gtt BID,
istalol timoptic XE (1 gtt every day)
T/F: Timolol has the best efficacy
False: All the beta-blockers are equally efficacious
What are the AE of beta blockers for glaucoma
blurred vision, stinging, dry eyes, corneal anesthesia, eyelid inflammation
What patients should have caution when taking beta blockers
Pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, concurrent use of oral beta-blockers