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Phar 508 > Opthamology > Flashcards

Opthamology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sclera, what is the uvea, what is the retina

A

Outermost layer of white fibrous tissue, Middle layer beneath the slcera, innermost layer of the eye

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2
Q

What are the parts of the uvea

A

iris (colored portion, melanin), ciliary body, pupil and choroid

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3
Q

What parts in the retina aid in transmitting information

A

Cones: provided color and central vision, rods: peripheral and nighttime vision

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4
Q

What is the fluid that most influences intraocular pressure, what produces it

A

Aqueous humor, ciliary body

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5
Q

T/F: The virteous humor is in constant flux but the aqueous humor is stagnant

A

False: The aqueous humor is in constant flux and the vitreous is stagnant

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6
Q

What parts of the eye allow for sight and at what proportions

A

Lens (1/3), Cornea (2/3)

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7
Q

What part of the is the gateway to the rest of the body that also keeps debri from getting to the back of the eye

A

Conjuctiva

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8
Q

What is myosis, mydriasis

A

Pupil constricts, pupil dialates

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9
Q

What causes cataract formations

A

Denaturing of proteins in the lens

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10
Q

Where do most medications become abosrbed, what are the layers

A

Cornea, Epitheleal (lipophilic), stroma (hydrophilic), endothelium (lipophilic)

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11
Q

T/F: Cornea is the only part of the eye that can be transplanted because it is avascular

A

True

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12
Q

What are the four type of injectable formulations for the eye

A

Intracameral, subconjunctival, sub-tenon’s, intravitreal

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13
Q

What are the barriers to drug delivery in the eye

A

Tear film, Cornea (tight junctions and layers), conjunctiva, choroid, blood-ocular barrier

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14
Q

How does the tear film effect drugs

A

Reduces/dilutes the effective concentration of the drug/drop, accelerates the clearance of the drug, lacrimal fluid reduces the binding efficiency of the drug to the cornea

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15
Q

What are the two portions of the blood-ocular barrier, characteristics of the barriers

A

Blood aqueous barrier:Physical barrier between local blood vessels;breakdown due to inflammation (restrengthens once inflammation ceases)

Blood retinal barrier: restricts drug transport from the choroid/blood into the retina; may be destroyed by diabetic nueropathy causing bleeding in the eye (DOESN’T HEAL)

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16
Q

What are the types of dilating eye drops

A

Mydriatics: stimulate contraction of the muscles that enlarge the pupil
Cycloplegics: relax the muscles that make the pupil constrict and that focus the lens of the eye

17
Q

T/F: Darker colored eyes have longer duration for dilating eye drops

A

False: Light colored irises have longer effects from dilating eye drops

18
Q

What are the dilating eye drops in order from shortest to longest duration

A

Tropicamide (6 hours), cyclopentolate, homatropine (1-3 days), atropine (At least one week)

19
Q

What eye drop can be added to dilating eye drops for more dilation, when is it most effective

A

Phenylephrine, after the age of 60

20
Q

What are the adverse effects of using dilating eye drops, who should be cautious when using these

A

blurry vision, photophobia, dry mouth and tachyarrythmia (if systemic)/ caution with narrow-angle glaucoma

21
Q

What is the proper steps to use eye drops

A

1) Wash hands
2) Tilte head backward
3) Gently pull back lower lid
4) Let a drop fall into pocket formed
5) SLOWLY let go lower lid and close eye gently (DO NOT SHUT EYE)
6) Punctal occlusion
7) Blot around eye to remove excess moisture

22
Q

Why must drops be seperated by a certain amount of time if there is supposed to be multiple drops, how long is the seperation

A

Allows for tear turnover and absorption to be complete, risk dilution of first drop/ five minutes

23
Q

If someone is getting an ointment how long must the eye be shut for ample absorption

A

At least 1-2 minutes (GIVE at NIGHT/Sleeping)

24
Q

T/F: Always use eye drops first, wait 5 minutes then apply ointment/gel

A

True

25
Q

Where or why are the injections injected

A

PIntracameral: injection into the anterior chamber
Subconjunctival: used to give prolonged administration or increased penetration of the drug
Sub-Tenon’s: used to treat inflammation of the posterior segment
Intravitreal: injected into the vitreous

26
Q

T/F: Increased pH allows for more lipid penetration

A

True

27
Q

What is the preservative that causes allergic reactions and irritation but also increases absorption

A

Benzalkonium

28
Q

What is glaucoma

A

A progressive disease that leads to an optic neuropahty characterized by ocular hypertension, damage to the optic nerve and peripheral vision loss

29
Q

What are the types of glaucoma

A

Open angle, angle closure, and congenital

30
Q

What is a normal IOP

A

between 10 and 20 mmHg

31
Q

How does the aqueous humor leave the anterior chamber

A

Trabecular meshwork (85%), ciliary body and suprachoroidal space

Phar 508 (21 decks)

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