Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 3b > Opthalmology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Opthalmology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Zero to medicine

1
Q

Open Angle Glaucoma - OAG -> define glaucoma

A

optic nerve damage caused by significant intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is the OAG pressure build up slow and gradual?

A

gradual increase in resistance through trabecular meshwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is closed angle glaucoma an emergency?

A

The iris seals off the trabecular meshwork -> no fluid can get through causing pressure build up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s a sign of glaucoma? What’s a (late) symptom?

A 
Cupping - wider and deeper optic cup
Tunnel vision (peripheral affected first)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which med is first line in Glaucoma?

A

Prostaglandin analogue eyedrops - latanoprost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the emergency management for CAG?

A

Pilocarpine -> miotic (constriction) agent
Acetazolamide ->carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (reduces aqueous humour)
Definitive treatment is Laser iridotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name one drug causing CAG

A

Adrenergic meds - noradrenaline
Anticholinergics - Oxybutinin, solifenacin
Tricyclic antidepressants - amitriptyline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK?

A

Age-related macular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of age-rel. mac. degen. are dry?

A

10%

Wet has worse prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Early sign of ARMDeg.

A

larger and greater numbers of drusen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the key target of meds for wet ARMdeg?

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which part of the visual field is lost in ARMdegen

A

central visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you classify diabetic retinopathy

A

non-proliferative (background) vs proliferative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complications of diabetic retin.

A

Retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage, rebeosis iridis, optic neuropathy, cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a sign of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Silver/copper wiring, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, retinal haemorrhages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the cause of papilloedema

A

Ischaemia to the optic nerve -> optic nerve swelling, blurring of disc margins

17
Q

What causes clouding of the lens? What happens to vision?

A

Cataracts, reduces visual acuity

18
Q

How are congenital cataracts found?

A

Check for red reflex in babies

19
Q

What are starbursts a sign of?

A

cataracts. can appear around lights, particularly at night time

20
Q

Horner syndrome - triad?

A

Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis -> sympathetic NS is damaged

21
Q

What are causes of 3rd nerve palsy with sparing of pupil?

A

Diabetes, HTN, ischaemia (parasym. nerves are spared)

22
Q

How do you manage blepharitis?

A

hot compresses and gentle cleaning of eyelid margins, lubrication eye drops

23
Q

What is the difference between periorbital and orbital cellulitis?

A

in front vs behind septum.
PO - redness, swelling and hot skin (give systemic Abx)
!!O - pain/red. on eye movement, changes in vision, abnormal pupil reactions and proptosis

24
Q

What does conjunctivitis not present with?

A

pain, photophobia, reduced visual acuit

25
Q

Differential diagnosis of acute red eye

A

Painless: Conjunctivitis, episcleritis, subconjunctival hemorrhage
Painful: glaucoma, ant. uveitis, scleritis, corneal abrasions/ulcerations, keratitis, foreign body, trauma/chemical injury

26
Q

Which other diseases is acute anterior uveitis associated with?

A

HLA B27 conditions: ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, reactive arthritis

27
Q

Is ant. uveitis uni- or bilateral

A

unilateral

28
Q

What diseases is episcleritis associated with

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, IBD

29
Q

How is scleritis treated?

A

Consider underlying condition (50% - RA, SLE, IBD, Sarcoi, Granulom. with polyangiitis), NSAID, Steroids, Immunosuppression

30
Q

How long does it take for an uncompl. corneal abrasion to heal?

A

2-3 days

31
Q

Causes of keratitis, which is most common?

A

Herpes, pseudomonas/staph, fungal (candida/aspergillus), contact lens acute red eye, exposure keratitis
Herpes is most kommon

32
Q

What is the worst outcome of herpes keratitis

A

corneal blindness

33
Q

What are causes of subconj. haemorrhage

A

HTN, bleeding disorder, whooping cough, meds, non-acc. injury

34
Q

What does posterior vitreous detachment predispose the patient to?

A

Retinal tears/detachment

35
Q

What is the worry in patients with painless flashes and floaters?

A

Retinal tears/detachment

36
Q

How does retinal vein vs central retinal artery occlusion present as?

A

RV: sudden painless loss of vision
CRA: same+ retinal afferent pupillary defect

37
Q

First symptom of retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Night blindness

Phase 3b (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions