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Ophthalmology > OPT 2222 Lesson 4 > Flashcards

OPT 2222 Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Are there more humans or microbes on Earth?

A

Microbes

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2
Q

What are “good” microbes called - the ones that live on the body without normally

A

Resident or Indigenous Flora

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3
Q

What are infectious diseases caused by?

A

Microbes

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4
Q

2 Million children a year are killed by what?

A

Diarrheal Illness

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5
Q

What could stop 1/3 of ALL Infections?

A

Soap and water

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6
Q

What is the most common resident flora on the human body?

A

Staphylococcus aurous

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7
Q

How do resident flora cause illness?

A

They get into areas that are normally microbe free (INSIDE the eye)

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8
Q

If a mother has a STD where will it be transmitted to on the baby?

A

Ocular Conjunctiva, and Cornea

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9
Q

What is a benefit of resident flora?

A

If the space is occupied by friendly flora, then there is no room for pathogens. Prevents over growth of pathogens

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10
Q

What are the most common ways for an eye to become infected?

A

Infected from external sources or from the blood stream

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11
Q

What is an Endogenous Infection?

A

Infection caused by resident flora gets into a Microbe-free area such as the inside of the eye

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of Eye Infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus - its on our skin (eye lids)

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13
Q

Baby eye infections acquired during birth are called what?

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum

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14
Q

Microbes that cause illness are called?

A

Pathogens

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15
Q

An Intraocular (IO) infection is called?

A

Endophthalmitis

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16
Q

Which meds do u’ put in baby eyes when they are born?

A

Erithromicin Oilment

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17
Q

What are the skin populations of Flora?

A

1) transients: Influenced by hygiene. Remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or mo. b4 disappearing. It can’t persist due to competition from other microorganism.
2) Resident: Stable and Predictable

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18
Q

What are commensals or mutualistic bacteria?

A

They live together and are mutual

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19
Q

Which are the external barriers that protect the eyes?

A

Eyelid, oil glands, eyebrows.

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20
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Cause diseases when host’s defenses are compromised and they end up where they don’t belong

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21
Q

Infectious Dose(ID)

A

Minimum Number of Microbes Required for infection.
Ex. Measles (one viral particle)
Gonorrhea ( 1000 Bacteria)

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22
Q

What are True Pathogens?

A

Pathogens that cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses

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23
Q

How do pathogens adhere to host cells?

A
  1. Fimbrae - figure like structures
  2. Flagella - makes them motile (Tail)
  3. Adhesive slimes or capsules
  4. Cillia - Hairs
  5. Barbs - Hooks
24
Q

What microbes like to defeat host cells?

A

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

25
Q

How does Staphylococcus and Streptococcus defeat the host cells?

A

Produce antiphagocytic factors
1. Leukocidines - Toxic to WBC
2. Exoenzymes - Dissolve extracellular barriers, penetrate cells
3. Exotoxins - Strong specificity for target cells
Hemolsins A & B Toxins
4. Endotoxins - Typical of Gram (-) - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) released as part of outer membrane cell walls

26
Q

What does Lipopolysccharides (LPS) from Gram (-) pathogens cause?

A

It causes Hyper-osmosis which breaks down the normal osmotic pump in the intestinal lining causing severe diarrhea.

27
Q

What are the stages of clinical infection?

A
  1. Incubation - Gets in and grows
  2. Prodrome - Replication (Don’t know infected)
  3. Invasion - Spreading, showing symptoms
  4. Convalescence - Recovering after immune system defeats the infection
28
Q

What is incubation and prodrome?

A

From the time of initial contact to the appearance of symptoms. You feel like something is coming on.
Agent is multiplying, but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms

29
Q

What is invasion

A

Microbe multiplies at high levels. It has become established and is taking over organ systems. You have inflammation and signs and symptoms

30
Q

What is convalescence?

A

The body fought it off and is recovering. The body stores the pathogen information for future encounters. Symptoms reducing.

31
Q

What are signs of convalescence in an eye infection?

A

Vision Improves, Redness, swelling and discharge are reduced

32
Q

How long does it take your body to defeat a cold?

A

5 to 7 days

33
Q

How long does it take the body to defeat a cold when you boost your immune system?

A

5 to 7 days

34
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

A microbe is confined to the point of infection

For example - Red eye, or the adnexa (Peri orbital skin)

35
Q

What is a Focal Infection?

A

Localized infection that breaks loose and causes infection at other parts of the body.
You put something in your conjunctiva that causes a local infection, but it moves to another part of the body

36
Q

What is a Systemic Infection

A

Starts as a local infection, penetrates the circulatory system and spreads throughout the body to other tissues and organs

37
Q

Why are eye infections so dangerous?

A

Because the eyes have a direct rout to the brain

38
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Tumor: Swelling
  2. Rubor: Redness
  3. Calor: Heat
  4. Dolor: Pain
  5. Funcio Laesa: Loss of Fx
39
Q

Septicemia

A

Microorganisms multiply and travel in bloodstream

40
Q

Bacteremia

A

Sm. #s of bacteria present in blood

41
Q

Viremia

A

Sm. #s of viruses in bloodstream

42
Q

Asymptomatic Individual

A

Infected w/ a microbe showing no signs of diseases

43
Q

Reservoirs of Infection

A

A carrier is aa person who, symptomatic or not, spreads the infection to others

44
Q

Non Living Reservoirs

A

Soil, Water, and Air

45
Q

Communicable Disease

A

When an infected host infects another ( contagious)

46
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct: Physical Contact
Indirect: from infected host to an intermediate then to another host

47
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

Infection acquired at a healthcare setting. Often with drug resistant organisms.
E. Coli
Pseudomonas
Staphylococcus

48
Q

Universal Precautions

A

Prevent the spread of infections
All physical contact must be considered hazardous
Health care workers and Farmers get the worst infections - Antibiotics do not work

49
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the frequency and distribution of diseases

50
Q

Surveillance

A

Collecting and analyzing and reporting data on rate of occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infection

51
Q

Morbidity

A

How many people have the disease

52
Q

Mortality

A

How many people have died because of the disease

53
Q

Endemic

A

Disease with a steady frequency over time in a particular area - Such as trachoma or malaria in Panama

54
Q

Sporadic

A

Occasional cases at irregular intervals such as SARS

55
Q

Epidemic

A

Increasing prevalence of a disease beyond expectations
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) Pink Eye (infections)
(Pt needs to be quarantined)

56
Q

How do you prevent EKC?

A

WASH HANDS, use gloves, Q-tips and get them out of the office!!

57
Q

How does inflammation work on the body?

A
  1. Limit spread of and destroys the pathogen
  2. Remove cellular debris
  3. Initiate tissue repair

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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