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Ophthalmology > OPT 2222 Lesson 2 > Flashcards

OPT 2222 Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most effective way to keep from spreading microorganisms?

A

Hand Washing!

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2
Q

What are undesirable microorganisms?

A 
Bacteria
Endospores
Fungi
Protozoa
Worms
Viruses
Prions
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3
Q

Which undesirable microorganism likes dead tissue?

A

Fungi

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4
Q

What are Antiseptics?

A

Application of agents onto the body’s surfaces (skin, conjunctiva) to slow or destroy growth of microbes

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5
Q

What are Disinfectants

A

Application of agents onto objects (Inanimate)(Counters, instruments) to destroy or slow growing microbes

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6
Q

What is Sterilization

A

The complete removal and destruction of all microbes on an inanimate surface

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7
Q

What microbes have the highest resistance?

A

Non-living Prions

Dormant Bacterial Endospores

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8
Q

What microbes have a moderate resistance?

A

Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Staphylococcus aureus
Protozoan Cysts

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9
Q

What microbes have the least resistance?

A

Bacterial Vegetative Cells
Fungal Spores, Hyphae, Yeast
Enveloped Viruses
Protozoan Trophozoites

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10
Q

How to kill microbes?

A 
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antiseptics
Sanitization
Degermination
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11
Q

What is Microbial Death?

A

Permanent Loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions hard to detect.

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12
Q

Factors that affect Death Rate

A 
Number of Microbes
Nature of Microbes
Temperature
pH
Concentration of Agent
Mode of Action of Agent
Presents of Solvents
Organic Matter
Inhibitors
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13
Q

Antimicrobials act against what parts of cells?

A 
Cell walls (they become fragile and lyse)
Cell membrane (will lose integrity and flood the cell)
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14
Q

What acts on cell walls of microorganisms?

A

Drugs, Alcohols, and Detergents

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15
Q

What acts on cell membranes of microorganisms?

A

Detergent Surfactants

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16
Q

What inhibits protein synthesis?

A

Chloramphenicol

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17
Q

What does Ultra Violet (UV) Radiation do?

A

Inhibits DNA Transcription and Translation

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18
Q

What does Formaldehyde do?

A

Denatures proteins and inactivates nucleic acid

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19
Q

What does heat do to microorganisms?

A

Disrupts or denatures proteins

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20
Q

What types of heat are there?

A

Moist Heat

Dry Heat

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21
Q

What are the physical methods to disrupt proteins?

A 
Heat (moist and dry)
Cold
Desiccation
Radiation
Filtration
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22
Q

What does Dry Heat / Incineration do?

A

They denature proteins and cause coagulation

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23
Q

What is Incineration?

A

Dry heat form of physical change that results in only carbon remaining

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24
Q

What is Thermal Death Time (TDT)?

A

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes at a given temperature.

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25
Q

What is Thermal Death Point (TDP)?

A

The lowest temperature required to kill all the microbes in 10 minutes.

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26
Q

What are the forms of moist heat sterilization?

A

Steam under pressure (Autoclave)

Steam non-pressurized (Boiling, Pasteurization, Tyndallization)

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27
Q

What must happen during Autoclaving

A

Steam must reach ALL surfaces
Temperature must be 121 C
Pressure must be 15 PSI
Time required is 10 to 40 minutes

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28
Q

What must NOT be Autoclaved

A

Items that are heat or moisture sensitive

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29
Q

What are the two types of Pasteurization

A

Batch Method

Flash Method

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30
Q

What is batch method pasteurization?

A

Heating to 63 - 66 C for 30 minutes

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31
Q

What is flash method pasteurization?

A

Heating to 71.6 C for 15 seconds

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32
Q

What is Pasteurization?

A

The process of destroying all pathogens and reduce microbes that cause spoilage in dairy products, juices, beer, and wine.

33
Q

What is Tyndallization?

A

Non-pressurized steam method of sterilization for substances that cannot be autoclaved.
Items exposed to free flowing steam for 30 - 60 minutes
Incubated for 23-24 hours
Subjected again to steam (Cycle repeated for 3 days)
Useful on canned foods, and Laboratory media

34
Q

How does Cold disrupt proteins?

A

Cold slows the growth of microbes (Microbiostatic)
Refrigeration 0-15C
Freezing

35
Q

What is Desiccation

A

Drying - gradual removal of water from cells - inhibits metabolism. Cells retain ability to grow when water is reinterduced

36
Q

What is Lyophilization?

A

Freeze Dying

37
Q

What is -static?

A

Slowing growth

38
Q

What is -cydel

A

Killing the bacteria

39
Q

What is Ionizing Radiation?

A

Deep penetrating energy that causes electrons to leave their orbit (Breaks DNA)

40
Q

What are the types of Ionizing Radiation?

A

Gamma
X-Ray
Cathode Ray

41
Q

What are the type of particles?

A

Alpha - Don’t penetrate past the skin
Beta - Penetrate past the skin
Gamma - Goes through the body or object

42
Q

To be effective with non-ionizing radiation the object must be?

A

Directly exposed, and even then there is little penetrating power. The microbe will not be destroyed

43
Q

What is used to dispose of gowns, sheets, and other biohazard material?

A

Dry Heat - Incineration

44
Q

What is a form of non-ionizing radiation?

A

UV Light - Stops DNA Replication by creating Pyrimidine Dimers - Causes Thiamine to bond to one another which stops DNA Replication

45
Q

What does Filtration do?

A

Sterilizes air and heat sensitive liquids. Passes gas or liquids through a filter with small enough pores to keep microbes from going through

46
Q

What are the chemical agents to kill microbes?

A 
Disinfectants
Antiseptics
Sterilants
Degermers
Preservatives
47
Q

What are the characteristics of the ideal chemical agent?

A 
Rapid action in low concentration
Soluble in Water of Alcohol
Stable
Broad Spectrum
Low toxicity
Penetrating
Noncorrosive or nonstaining
Readily available
Economical
48
Q

What do High Level Germicides do?

A

Kills almost all. Sterilants. Toxic. Kills Endospores (Sterilants). For use in Sterile environments (Body tissue). A chemical decontamination

49
Q

What do Intermediate Level Germicides do?

A

Kills Fungal spores, viruses, Tubercle bacillus. Disinfect devices in contact with mucous membranes. A chemical decontamination

50
Q

What do Low Level Germicides do?

A

Kill vegetative bacteria and fungal cells. Kills Sensitive viruses. Good for surfaces of objects

51
Q

What determines the effectiveness of a germicidal?

A

The nature of the material being treated
The degree of contamination
Time of exposure
Strength and chemical action of the germicide

52
Q

What are the categories of Germicidals?

A 
Halogens
Phenolics
Alcohol
Hydrogen Peroxide
Detergents & Soaps
Heavy Metals
Aldehydes
Gases
Dyes
53
Q

What are Halogens?

A

Chlorine (Cl), Hypochlorites (Chlorine bleach), Chloramines, Iodines

54
Q

What do Halogens do?

A

They denature proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Cl Halogens?

A

Intermediate Level germicide
Unstable in Light
Inactivated by organic matter
Used to treat Water, Sewage, Wastewater (Cl)

56
Q

What are the characteristics of Iodine (I) Halogens?

A

Iodophors (Betadine) is commonly used and is less toxic than I2.
I2 is very potent
They interferes with disulfide bonds of proteins
Mild medical and dental degerming agents disinfectants
Ointments
Skin Scrub

57
Q

What do Phenolics do?

A

Disrupt cell walls, membranes, and precipitate proteins.

Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Virucidal

58
Q

What are the characteristics of Phenolics?

A

It is a low to intermediate level germicide
Antibacterial additive soaps
Surfactant Protein Denaturant, Broad Microbialcidal Properties

59
Q

Examples of Phenolics are?

A

Lysol
Tricolsan
Chlorhexidine
Hibiclens, Hibitane

60
Q

How does ETOH works?

A

Denature proteins. Intermediate level. Ex. Disinfectants, antiseptics, and as a solvent in tinctures.

61
Q

How does Surfactants does?

A

Decrease surface tension of water and Disrupt cell memb,

62
Q

How does Oxidizing Agents works?

A

Denatures proteins by oxidation. High Level. Ex. Desinfectants, antiseptics for deep wounds, water purification, sterilization of food processing, and medical eqiuipment.

63
Q

How do Aldehydes work?

A

Kill by Alkylating protein and DNA. They kill virtually everything.
Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde

64
Q

What is Glutaraldehyde used for?

A

High Level - 2% solution (Cidex) is used as a sterilant for heat sensitive instruments (They must be rinsed with sterile water)

65
Q

What is Formaldehyde used for?

A

Intermediate to high level - Disinfectant and preservative

Formalin (37% aqueous solution

66
Q

What limits the use of Formaldehyde?

A

Toxicity

67
Q

How do gases and aerosols work?

A

High level - Strong alkylating agents.
Used to sterilize and disinfect plastics (IOL) and prepackaged devices, foods.
Examples: Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide

68
Q

What does a Quaternary Ammonia Compound (QUATS) do?

A

A detergent. Acts as surfactants that alter membrane permeability. Effective on some bacteria

69
Q

What do Soaps do?

A

Very low level - Mechanically remove soil and grease containing microbes

70
Q

Example of heavy metals are

A

Silver, Silver Nitrate, Merthiolate

71
Q

How do heavy metals work?

A

Cause an inactivation of proteins. Oligodynamic action, and low level

72
Q

Aniline dyes are very active against what?

A

Gram Positive species of bacteria, and fungal growth

73
Q

Aniline dyes are sometimes used for?

A

Antisepsis and wound Tx - Low Level and narrow spectrum of activity

74
Q

What do organic acids prevent?

A

Spore germination and bacterial and fungal growth

75
Q

Acetic acid inhibits what?

A

bacterial growth

76
Q

Propionic acid retards what?

A

Molds

77
Q

Lactic acid prevents what?

A

Anaerobic bacterial growth

78
Q

Benzoic and Ascorbic acid inhibit what?

A

yeast

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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