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Ophthalmology > OPT 2222 Lesson 2 > Flashcards

OPT 2222 Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most effective way to keep from spreading microorganisms?

A

Hand Washing!

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2
Q

What are undesirable microorganisms?

A 
Bacteria
Endospores
Fungi
Protozoa
Worms
Viruses
Prions
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3
Q

Which undesirable microorganism likes dead tissue?

A

Fungi

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4
Q

What are Antiseptics?

A

Application of agents onto the body’s surfaces (skin, conjunctiva) to slow or destroy growth of microbes

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5
Q

What are Disinfectants

A

Application of agents onto objects (Inanimate)(Counters, instruments) to destroy or slow growing microbes

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6
Q

What is Sterilization

A

The complete removal and destruction of all microbes on an inanimate surface

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7
Q

What microbes have the highest resistance?

A

Non-living Prions

Dormant Bacterial Endospores

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8
Q

What microbes have a moderate resistance?

A

Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Staphylococcus aureus
Protozoan Cysts

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9
Q

What microbes have the least resistance?

A

Bacterial Vegetative Cells
Fungal Spores, Hyphae, Yeast
Enveloped Viruses
Protozoan Trophozoites

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10
Q

How to kill microbes?

A 
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antiseptics
Sanitization
Degermination
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11
Q

What is Microbial Death?

A

Permanent Loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions hard to detect.

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12
Q

Factors that affect Death Rate

A 
Number of Microbes
Nature of Microbes
Temperature
pH
Concentration of Agent
Mode of Action of Agent
Presents of Solvents
Organic Matter
Inhibitors
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13
Q

Antimicrobials act against what parts of cells?

A 
Cell walls (they become fragile and lyse)
Cell membrane (will lose integrity and flood the cell)
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14
Q

What acts on cell walls of microorganisms?

A

Drugs, Alcohols, and Detergents

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15
Q

What acts on cell membranes of microorganisms?

A

Detergent Surfactants

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16
Q

What inhibits protein synthesis?

A

Chloramphenicol

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17
Q

What does Ultra Violet (UV) Radiation do?

A

Inhibits DNA Transcription and Translation

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18
Q

What does Formaldehyde do?

A

Denatures proteins and inactivates nucleic acid

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19
Q

What does heat do to microorganisms?

A

Disrupts or denatures proteins

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20
Q

What types of heat are there?

A

Moist Heat

Dry Heat

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21
Q

What are the physical methods to disrupt proteins?

A 
Heat (moist and dry)
Cold
Desiccation
Radiation
Filtration
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22
Q

What does Dry Heat / Incineration do?

A

They denature proteins and cause coagulation

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23
Q

What is Incineration?

A

Dry heat form of physical change that results in only carbon remaining

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24
Q

What is Thermal Death Time (TDT)?

A

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes at a given temperature.

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25
What is Thermal Death Point (TDP)?
The lowest temperature required to kill all the microbes in 10 minutes.
26
What are the forms of moist heat sterilization?
Steam under pressure (Autoclave) | Steam non-pressurized (Boiling, Pasteurization, Tyndallization)
27
What must happen during Autoclaving
Steam must reach ALL surfaces Temperature must be 121 C Pressure must be 15 PSI Time required is 10 to 40 minutes
28
What must NOT be Autoclaved
Items that are heat or moisture sensitive
29
What are the two types of Pasteurization
Batch Method | Flash Method
30
What is batch method pasteurization?
Heating to 63 - 66 C for 30 minutes
31
What is flash method pasteurization?
Heating to 71.6 C for 15 seconds
32
What is Pasteurization?
The process of destroying all pathogens and reduce microbes that cause spoilage in dairy products, juices, beer, and wine.
33
What is Tyndallization?
Non-pressurized steam method of sterilization for substances that cannot be autoclaved. Items exposed to free flowing steam for 30 - 60 minutes Incubated for 23-24 hours Subjected again to steam (Cycle repeated for 3 days) Useful on canned foods, and Laboratory media
34
How does Cold disrupt proteins?
Cold slows the growth of microbes (Microbiostatic) Refrigeration 0-15C Freezing
35
What is Desiccation
Drying - gradual removal of water from cells - inhibits metabolism. Cells retain ability to grow when water is reinterduced
36
What is Lyophilization?
Freeze Dying
37
What is -static?
Slowing growth
38
What is -cydel
Killing the bacteria
39
What is Ionizing Radiation?
Deep penetrating energy that causes electrons to leave their orbit (Breaks DNA)
40
What are the types of Ionizing Radiation?
Gamma X-Ray Cathode Ray
41
What are the type of particles?
Alpha - Don't penetrate past the skin Beta - Penetrate past the skin Gamma - Goes through the body or object
42
To be effective with non-ionizing radiation the object must be?
Directly exposed, and even then there is little penetrating power. The microbe will not be destroyed
43
What is used to dispose of gowns, sheets, and other biohazard material?
Dry Heat - Incineration
44
What is a form of non-ionizing radiation?
UV Light - Stops DNA Replication by creating Pyrimidine Dimers - Causes Thiamine to bond to one another which stops DNA Replication
45
What does Filtration do?
Sterilizes air and heat sensitive liquids. Passes gas or liquids through a filter with small enough pores to keep microbes from going through
46
What are the chemical agents to kill microbes?
``` Disinfectants Antiseptics Sterilants Degermers Preservatives ```
47
What are the characteristics of the ideal chemical agent?
``` Rapid action in low concentration Soluble in Water of Alcohol Stable Broad Spectrum Low toxicity Penetrating Noncorrosive or nonstaining Readily available Economical ```
48
What do High Level Germicides do?
Kills almost all. Sterilants. Toxic. Kills Endospores (Sterilants). For use in Sterile environments (Body tissue). A chemical decontamination
49
What do Intermediate Level Germicides do?
Kills Fungal spores, viruses, Tubercle bacillus. Disinfect devices in contact with mucous membranes. A chemical decontamination
50
What do Low Level Germicides do?
Kill vegetative bacteria and fungal cells. Kills Sensitive viruses. Good for surfaces of objects
51
What determines the effectiveness of a germicidal?
The nature of the material being treated The degree of contamination Time of exposure Strength and chemical action of the germicide
52
What are the categories of Germicidals?
``` Halogens Phenolics Alcohol Hydrogen Peroxide Detergents & Soaps Heavy Metals Aldehydes Gases Dyes ```
53
What are Halogens?
Chlorine (Cl), Hypochlorites (Chlorine bleach), Chloramines, Iodines
54
What do Halogens do?
They denature proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds
55
What are the characteristics of Cl Halogens?
Intermediate Level germicide Unstable in Light Inactivated by organic matter Used to treat Water, Sewage, Wastewater (Cl)
56
What are the characteristics of Iodine (I) Halogens?
Iodophors (Betadine) is commonly used and is less toxic than I2. I2 is very potent They interferes with disulfide bonds of proteins Mild medical and dental degerming agents disinfectants Ointments Skin Scrub
57
What do Phenolics do?
Disrupt cell walls, membranes, and precipitate proteins. | Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Virucidal
58
What are the characteristics of Phenolics?
It is a low to intermediate level germicide Antibacterial additive soaps Surfactant Protein Denaturant, Broad Microbialcidal Properties
59
Examples of Phenolics are?
Lysol Tricolsan Chlorhexidine Hibiclens, Hibitane
60
How does ETOH works?
Denature proteins. Intermediate level. Ex. Disinfectants, antiseptics, and as a solvent in tinctures.
61
How does Surfactants does?
Decrease surface tension of water and Disrupt cell memb,
62
How does Oxidizing Agents works?
Denatures proteins by oxidation. High Level. Ex. Desinfectants, antiseptics for deep wounds, water purification, sterilization of food processing, and medical eqiuipment.
63
How do Aldehydes work?
Kill by Alkylating protein and DNA. They kill virtually everything. Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde
64
What is Glutaraldehyde used for?
High Level - 2% solution (Cidex) is used as a sterilant for heat sensitive instruments (They must be rinsed with sterile water)
65
What is Formaldehyde used for?
Intermediate to high level - Disinfectant and preservative | Formalin (37% aqueous solution
66
What limits the use of Formaldehyde?
Toxicity
67
How do gases and aerosols work?
High level - Strong alkylating agents. Used to sterilize and disinfect plastics (IOL) and prepackaged devices, foods. Examples: Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide
68
What does a Quaternary Ammonia Compound (QUATS) do?
A detergent. Acts as surfactants that alter membrane permeability. Effective on some bacteria
69
What do Soaps do?
Very low level - Mechanically remove soil and grease containing microbes
70
Example of heavy metals are
Silver, Silver Nitrate, Merthiolate
71
How do heavy metals work?
Cause an inactivation of proteins. Oligodynamic action, and low level
72
Aniline dyes are very active against what?
Gram Positive species of bacteria, and fungal growth
73
Aniline dyes are sometimes used for?
Antisepsis and wound Tx - Low Level and narrow spectrum of activity
74
What do organic acids prevent?
Spore germination and bacterial and fungal growth
75
Acetic acid inhibits what?
bacterial growth
76
Propionic acid retards what?
Molds
77
Lactic acid prevents what?
Anaerobic bacterial growth
78
Benzoic and Ascorbic acid inhibit what?
yeast

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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