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Ophthalmology > OPT 1210 Lesson 3 > Flashcards

OPT 1210 Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Chromosomes do we have?

A

46 Or 23 pairs (22 autosomes, and 1 sex pair)

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Polymer of Nucleotides (Phosphate and sugar)

Deoxyribose (DNA) Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Genes code for what?

A

1 Protein

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4
Q

What is a Genome?

A

All the genes of 1 person (30-35,000 genes)

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5
Q

What percentage of the genome is junk?

A

98%

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6
Q

Dominate (D) Alleles proteins produce what?

A

Phenotype (Visible Traits)

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7
Q

What is a recessive allele (d)?

A

A trait that is only expressed when both alleles are recessive

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8
Q

DD is?

A

Homozygotes Dominate

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9
Q

Dd is?

A

Heterozygotes

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10
Q

dd is?

A

Homozygotes Recessive

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11
Q

What is Polygenic Inheritance?

A

2 or more loci contribute to a single phenotypic trait

Skin, Eye color, Alcoholism, Heart Disease

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12
Q

What does the OCA2 Gene do?

A

Determines eye color
OCA2 on = Brown eyes
OCA2 off = Lighter eyes depending on the amount of pigment that has migrated

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13
Q

Histology is the study of what?

A

Tissues

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14
Q

What are the classes of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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15
Q

Define an organ?

A

Tissue structures that have distinct boundaries of 2 or more tissue types and perform a specific task.

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16
Q

Epithelial

A

Top Layer

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17
Q

What is the Fxn of the Connective tissue?

A

To hold everything together - Most plentiful in the body

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18
Q

What do muscle tissues do?

A

Shorten / contract

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19
Q

What is the most plentiful tissue in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

Similar cells arise from the same region of the embryo. What are the 3 regions?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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21
Q

What is the Ectoderm?

A

Outer layer of the embryotic disc. It grows through life. Becomes: Neural Retinal Pigment Ectoderm (RPE), Retina, Iris Muscle, Optic Nerve
Surfaces: Lens, Epithelium, Lacrimal Gland

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22
Q

What is the Mesoderm?

A

Middle layer of the embryotic disc. Becomes:

Bone, Muscle, Cartilage, Blood, Lymph tissue

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23
Q

What is the Endoderm?

A

Inner layer of the embryotic disc. Replaces Hypoblast.

Not Ocular: the Gut and respiratory epithelium glands

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24
Q

What makes up extracellular material?

A

Fibrous proteins (strings) and Ground substance (Glue)

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25
What is the only cell you could see with the naked eye?
the Ovum (if it was sitting on the head of a pin)
26
What is sectioning?
Cutting into thin enough layers so light can go through it
27
What is staining
Cells are transparent - in order to see the cell and its parts it must be stained
28
What is the process to make a specimen ready for the histologist?
1. Treat it with Formalin - Fixative agent to prevent decay 2. Embed in Paraffin - A wax to be able to make slices 3. Slice it into sections 1 to 2 cells thick 4. Stain - To be able to see different cell components 5. Place on glass slide and cover
29
What is the longest direction (View) of the eye?
Longitudinal (Sagittal view)
30
What is a Cross view?
A view perpendicular to the length of the organ (Transverse view) (Front to back)
31
What is an oblique view?
An angle between cross and longitudinal. Be sure to mark down the angle of the section for the pathologist or histologist.
32
What is Epithelium
Top layer of closely adhering cells with no blood vessels. O2 is supplied by sub-tissue. Rests on basement layer
33
What is Simple Epithelium?
A single layer of Epi cells. (Can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
34
Squamous cells are?
Flat cells (example skin ) for protection
35
Cuboidal cells are?
Cube shaped for building and stacking. Simple cuboidal cells are in ducts (Pancreatic, Gall Bladder, Sweat ducts)
36
Columnar cells are?
Cell structures with larger surface areas for absorption
37
Strata means?
Layered - more than 1 layer of cells
38
Stratified Epithelia is?
Epithelia layer of more than 1 layer of cells (same type of cells)
39
Stratified layer of cells with differing size and shape is called?
Pseudo-stratified
40
What is Alpha-keratin?
Dead skin - compressed dead cells for protection
41
How do cells communicate - What are the cellular junctions?
Tight - Prevents anything from passing between cells Desmosome - discriminately allowing things to pass Gaps - Pores allowing particles through
42
What is the most common connective tissue in the body?
Soft Areolar tissue
43
What is connective tissue?
Widely spread cells separated by fibers and ground substance. It is the most abundant and variable tissue in the body
44
What does connective tissue do?
1. Connects Organs 2. Supports and protects (immune cells imbedded) 3. Stores Energy & Produces heat 4. Movement and transport of materials
45
What produces the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
46
If an important tissue is damaged and can not be repaired, what happens?
Fibroblasts will fill it and leave a scar
47
What is an adipocyte?
A Storage cell - They look empty but the nucleus is pushed against a cellular wall
48
What does an adipocyte store?
Triglycerides (the most useful form of fat)
49
What is adipose tissue?
Orbital fat around the eye. It protects the eye
50
What do you find in connective tissue?
1. Macrophages - Phagocytize foreign material 2. Neutrophils - Wander looking for invaders 3. Plasma Cells - B Lymphocytes make antibodies 4. Mast Cells - Induces inflammation 5. Histamine - Dilates blood vessels
51
What is collagen?
Triple helix of protein. Fibers of connective tissue Dense Fiber Tough, stretch resistant and flexible Tendons, ligaments, and deep layers of skin
52
What is ground substance?
Gelatinous material between cells
53
What are the three classes of molecules?
1. Glycosaminoglycans - Chondroitin Sulfate Attracts Na & water 2. Proteoglycans - Creates bonds with cells + Macromolecules (High Osmotic Load) 3. Glycoproteins - Protein-Carbohydrate complex binds membrane to collagen.
54
What are Areolar Tissues?
Soft (fat) tissue. The most common type of connective tissue. Loose fibers, and ground substance
55
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
1. Regular - All fibers run the same way - really strong when pulled in one direction (Tendons) 2. Irregular - Designed to be pulled in many directions (Ligaments)
56
Spherical cells are for what?
Movement - Cells in motion Blood Non-Nucleated = RBC Blood Nucleated = WBC Small Nuclei = Blue (Lymphocytes)
57
Describe Nerve Cells
Large cell process with many dendrites per nuclei. For complex communication between cells
58
Muscle cells
Elongated cells that contract to move something. | Examples: 6 muscles move the eye, used to push blood, blink, and control the pupil
59
What are the types of muscle cells?
1. Skeletal - for movement and support - most prevalent type of muscle cell 2. Cardiac - heart muscle 3. Smooth - Involuntary Fusiform (Intestine, Stomach)
60
What is mucus?
Glue - It is needed on the top of cells to trap things Produced by goblet cells. Epithelium is mucus producing Ex. Conjunctiva provides protection to the ocular surface
61
Tissue regeneration is what?
Replacement of damaged cells with original cell | For Example: Corneal Epithelium
62
Tissue repair with Fibrosis is what?
The replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (Fibrous Tissue) For example: Corneal stoma
63
The body's response to try to close a wound quickly is to release what?
Histamine, which dilate the blood vessel which increases blood flow which increases permeability
64
What are the body's steps in wound healing
1. Histamine release 2. Clot Form - Macrophages come to wound site to clean pathogens 3. New Capillary form - Fibroblast deposit new collagen
65
What determines if a scar is left when the wound is healed?
The closeness of the edges of the would. The closer the edges easier it is for the epithelium will grow over it.
66
What happens when epithelial cells start acting on the wound?
1. Epithelial cells multiply forming a scab 2. Scab falls off 3. Epithelium thickens 4. Connective tissue form
67
What ocular tissue cannot heal leaving a scar?
Lens and retina - Most heal by fibrosis leaving a scar

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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