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Ophthalmology > OPT 1210 Lesson 3 > Flashcards

OPT 1210 Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Chromosomes do we have?

A

46 Or 23 pairs (22 autosomes, and 1 sex pair)

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Polymer of Nucleotides (Phosphate and sugar)

Deoxyribose (DNA) Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Genes code for what?

A

1 Protein

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4
Q

What is a Genome?

A

All the genes of 1 person (30-35,000 genes)

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5
Q

What percentage of the genome is junk?

A

98%

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6
Q

Dominate (D) Alleles proteins produce what?

A

Phenotype (Visible Traits)

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7
Q

What is a recessive allele (d)?

A

A trait that is only expressed when both alleles are recessive

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8
Q

DD is?

A

Homozygotes Dominate

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9
Q

Dd is?

A

Heterozygotes

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10
Q

dd is?

A

Homozygotes Recessive

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11
Q

What is Polygenic Inheritance?

A

2 or more loci contribute to a single phenotypic trait

Skin, Eye color, Alcoholism, Heart Disease

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12
Q

What does the OCA2 Gene do?

A

Determines eye color
OCA2 on = Brown eyes
OCA2 off = Lighter eyes depending on the amount of pigment that has migrated

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13
Q

Histology is the study of what?

A

Tissues

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14
Q

What are the classes of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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15
Q

Define an organ?

A

Tissue structures that have distinct boundaries of 2 or more tissue types and perform a specific task.

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16
Q

Epithelial

A

Top Layer

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17
Q

What is the Fxn of the Connective tissue?

A

To hold everything together - Most plentiful in the body

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18
Q

What do muscle tissues do?

A

Shorten / contract

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19
Q

What is the most plentiful tissue in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

Similar cells arise from the same region of the embryo. What are the 3 regions?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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21
Q

What is the Ectoderm?

A

Outer layer of the embryotic disc. It grows through life. Becomes: Neural Retinal Pigment Ectoderm (RPE), Retina, Iris Muscle, Optic Nerve
Surfaces: Lens, Epithelium, Lacrimal Gland

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22
Q

What is the Mesoderm?

A

Middle layer of the embryotic disc. Becomes:

Bone, Muscle, Cartilage, Blood, Lymph tissue

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23
Q

What is the Endoderm?

A

Inner layer of the embryotic disc. Replaces Hypoblast.

Not Ocular: the Gut and respiratory epithelium glands

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24
Q

What makes up extracellular material?

A

Fibrous proteins (strings) and Ground substance (Glue)

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25
Q

What is the only cell you could see with the naked eye?

A

the Ovum (if it was sitting on the head of a pin)

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26
Q

What is sectioning?

A

Cutting into thin enough layers so light can go through it

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27
Q

What is staining

A

Cells are transparent - in order to see the cell and its parts it must be stained

28
Q

What is the process to make a specimen ready for the histologist?

A
  1. Treat it with Formalin - Fixative agent to prevent decay
  2. Embed in Paraffin - A wax to be able to make slices
  3. Slice it into sections 1 to 2 cells thick
  4. Stain - To be able to see different cell components
  5. Place on glass slide and cover
29
Q

What is the longest direction (View) of the eye?

A

Longitudinal (Sagittal view)

30
Q

What is a Cross view?

A

A view perpendicular to the length of the organ (Transverse view) (Front to back)

31
Q

What is an oblique view?

A

An angle between cross and longitudinal. Be sure to mark down the angle of the section for the pathologist or histologist.

32
Q

What is Epithelium

A

Top layer of closely adhering cells with no blood vessels. O2 is supplied by sub-tissue. Rests on basement layer

33
Q

What is Simple Epithelium?

A

A single layer of Epi cells. (Can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

34
Q

Squamous cells are?

A

Flat cells (example skin ) for protection

35
Q

Cuboidal cells are?

A

Cube shaped for building and stacking. Simple cuboidal cells are in ducts (Pancreatic, Gall Bladder, Sweat ducts)

36
Q

Columnar cells are?

A

Cell structures with larger surface areas for absorption

37
Q

Strata means?

A

Layered - more than 1 layer of cells

38
Q

Stratified Epithelia is?

A

Epithelia layer of more than 1 layer of cells (same type of cells)

39
Q

Stratified layer of cells with differing size and shape is called?

A

Pseudo-stratified

40
Q

What is Alpha-keratin?

A

Dead skin - compressed dead cells for protection

41
Q

How do cells communicate - What are the cellular junctions?

A

Tight - Prevents anything from passing between cells
Desmosome - discriminately allowing things to pass
Gaps - Pores allowing particles through

42
Q

What is the most common connective tissue in the body?

A

Soft Areolar tissue

43
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Widely spread cells separated by fibers and ground substance. It is the most abundant and variable tissue in the body

44
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A
  1. Connects Organs
  2. Supports and protects (immune cells imbedded)
  3. Stores Energy & Produces heat
  4. Movement and transport of materials
45
Q

What produces the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

46
Q

If an important tissue is damaged and can not be repaired, what happens?

A

Fibroblasts will fill it and leave a scar

47
Q

What is an adipocyte?

A

A Storage cell - They look empty but the nucleus is pushed against a cellular wall

48
Q

What does an adipocyte store?

A

Triglycerides (the most useful form of fat)

49
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Orbital fat around the eye. It protects the eye

50
Q

What do you find in connective tissue?

A
  1. Macrophages - Phagocytize foreign material
  2. Neutrophils - Wander looking for invaders
  3. Plasma Cells - B Lymphocytes make antibodies
  4. Mast Cells - Induces inflammation
  5. Histamine - Dilates blood vessels
51
Q

What is collagen?

A

Triple helix of protein. Fibers of connective tissue
Dense Fiber
Tough, stretch resistant and flexible
Tendons, ligaments, and deep layers of skin

52
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Gelatinous material between cells

53
Q

What are the three classes of molecules?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans - Chondroitin Sulfate Attracts Na & water
  2. Proteoglycans - Creates bonds with cells + Macromolecules (High Osmotic Load)
  3. Glycoproteins - Protein-Carbohydrate complex binds membrane to collagen.
54
Q

What are Areolar Tissues?

A

Soft (fat) tissue. The most common type of connective tissue. Loose fibers, and ground substance

55
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Regular - All fibers run the same way - really strong when pulled in one direction (Tendons)
  2. Irregular - Designed to be pulled in many directions (Ligaments)
56
Q

Spherical cells are for what?

A

Movement - Cells in motion
Blood Non-Nucleated = RBC
Blood Nucleated = WBC
Small Nuclei = Blue (Lymphocytes)

57
Q

Describe Nerve Cells

A

Large cell process with many dendrites per nuclei. For complex communication between cells

58
Q

Muscle cells

A

Elongated cells that contract to move something.

Examples: 6 muscles move the eye, used to push blood, blink, and control the pupil

59
Q

What are the types of muscle cells?

A
  1. Skeletal - for movement and support - most prevalent type of muscle cell
  2. Cardiac - heart muscle
  3. Smooth - Involuntary Fusiform (Intestine, Stomach)
60
Q

What is mucus?

A

Glue - It is needed on the top of cells to trap things Produced by goblet cells. Epithelium is mucus producing
Ex. Conjunctiva provides protection to the ocular surface

61
Q

Tissue regeneration is what?

A

Replacement of damaged cells with original cell

For Example: Corneal Epithelium

62
Q

Tissue repair with Fibrosis is what?

A

The replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (Fibrous Tissue)
For example: Corneal stoma

63
Q

The body’s response to try to close a wound quickly is to release what?

A

Histamine, which dilate the blood vessel which increases blood flow which increases permeability

64
Q

What are the body’s steps in wound healing

A
  1. Histamine release
  2. Clot Form - Macrophages come to wound site to clean pathogens
  3. New Capillary form - Fibroblast deposit new collagen
65
Q

What determines if a scar is left when the wound is healed?

A

The closeness of the edges of the would. The closer the edges easier it is for the epithelium will grow over it.

66
Q

What happens when epithelial cells start acting on the wound?

A
  1. Epithelial cells multiply forming a scab
  2. Scab falls off
  3. Epithelium thickens
  4. Connective tissue form
67
Q

What ocular tissue cannot heal leaving a scar?

A

Lens and retina - Most heal by fibrosis leaving a scar

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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