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Russia > Oppostion > Flashcards

Oppostion Flashcards

1
Q

What were 3 potential claimants to seize power from her?

A

Peter III
Her son, Paul
Ivan VI (deposed by ELizabeth)

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2
Q

Why did Catherine had threats against her reign?

A

she had no legal right to the throne (ursurper)

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3
Q

Early plots for restoration of Ivan?

A

(1764) group of guard officers attempting to liberate Ivan were foiled only when the jailer, obeying standard orders, strangled his prisoner

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4
Q

Early plots to restore Paul?

A

Detected and snuffed out (1769-70)

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5
Q

What also exposed Catherine to threats to power?

A

Pretenders

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6
Q

Issues with pretenders?

A

At least 24 claimed to be Peter III
–> Catherine lucky to survive
–> plots in favour of Paul came from elite but pretenders were persons from humble origin

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7
Q

Who was the most dangerous pretender of all?

A

Emilian Pugachev
–> Don Cossack with tradition of turbulent resistance to Tsarist reign
–> commissioned as junior lieutenant of cavalry durinf first Turk war

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8
Q

How did service for Pugachev have a dark side?

A
  • Severly whipped for leaving horse to stray
  • plucked from wife and sons for service
  • (1771) home on sick leave decided not to come back and became hunted deserter
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9
Q

What did Pugachev once he deserted?

A

posed as a wealthy merchant
–> arrived at Cossack settlement

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10
Q

What were causes of Pugachev revolt?

A

irritation at the pace of Russian colonisation and the interference of Tsarist officials
- (subsidiary argument) serfs resented the edict giving masters greater control of lives in 1762

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11
Q

Cause of the Pugachev revolt related to Peter III?

A

People believed Peter was still alive and might come to save his people
- naive monarchism
- exploited by pretenders

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12
Q

First events of Pugachev revolt?

A

(Nov 1772) Pugachev first appeared and discontent turned into a violent rebellion
–> some cossack leaders who collaborated with state were murdered
–> needed a leader, Pugachev chosen for 1773 insurgency

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13
Q

What could have been Pugachev’s military aims?

A

1)To march on Moscow and reclaim the throne (could have been unnecessary propaganda)
2) meant to lead forces intoOttoman Empire
–> when impossible turned to Russian interior

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14
Q

How did revolt get recruits?

A

proclomation aimed at getting as many dissidents
–> recruits flocked in
–> formidable army beseiged orenburg

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15
Q

How did revolt progress after recruits?

A

developed rudimentary amin. system and own War college

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16
Q

Look of the Pugachev revolt?

A

most dangerous of all uprisings

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17
Q

Beginning weakness of Pugachev?

A

indiscipline
lack of clear command structure
lack of scientific siege-craft
tactical inability to face regular troops in battle

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18
Q

Pugachev revolt progress after siege?

A

(1774) fighting spread to Urals
–> Pugachev linked with rebellious factory serfs and Bashkirs
–> 2/3 Russian forces beaten in battle
–> 1 reached Orenburg

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19
Q

How did the 1 Russian force do against Pugachev?

A

Defeated in battle
Pugachev too main army of 20,000 to Volga + captured Samara

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20
Q

How was Pugachevs army first weakened?

A

On way to Kazak, Russian relief force arrived
–> 1/3 Pugachev men taken or killed
–> most survivors abandoned him
–> only 500 followers by the end

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21
Q

What was Pugachevs next steps after army was weakened?

A

Headed for DOn to raise new army and march on Moscow
–> issued edict appealing to Volga sers (terrorised landlords and rebuilt his forces)
–> recruits poured in
–> panic in Moscow

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22
Q

Catherine reaction to Pugachevs unlikely recruit and army to Moscow?

A

send in her best military commanders

23
Q

How did end of Pugachev occured?

A

sudden and unexpected
(1774) Cossacks failed to rise
Gov. army left 9000 rebels dead
Under panin, army disintergrated

24
Q

What happened to Pugachev?

A

Betrayed by own followers
Captured and hauled in iron cage + paraded to Moscow
(10th Jan 1775) behaded and dismembered

25
Q

Why did Pugachev fail?

A

1)Treachery - abrupt removal of leader
2)Pugachev illiterate
3)forces poorly coordinated and undisciplined
4)short supply of arms, gunpowder, food, horses
5)Rebel armies are hard to control fighting far from home

26
Q

Consequences of pugachev revolt?

A

Short term: frightened gov. + led to savage reprisals
Long term: less inclined to amerliorate serfdom
–> strengthen local gov. where it failed

27
Q

Who were the Old Believers?

A

Opposed to religious reforms

28
Q

What was rise in banditary due to?

A

Growth of serfdom

29
Q

Who were in the way of Leter to have sole rule?

A

Sophia, Natalie’s and Ivan

30
Q

Streltsy in 1682?

A

Sophia’s main weapon
55000 strong
Made up of Old Believers and those distrusting of foreigners

31
Q

When was the first Steltsy coup?

A

25th May 1682
Stormed Kremlin due to rumour Feodor poisoned
Ivan and Peter co Tsars

32
Q

How was Ivan’s position strengthened?

A

1684 —> Ivan married + heir

33
Q

How did Peter strengthen his poisition

A

1689- married and heir
1688- interest in gov. And attended meetings

34
Q

When and what was second streltsy revolt?

A

17th August 1689
Sophia guards preobrazhensky
Peter escaped
Sophia convent out of Moscow

35
Q

Impacts on Peter streltsy revolt #1

A

Facial twitch
Hate Moscow + miloslavskyx

36
Q

When and what #3 streltsy revolt

A

July 1698
Received letter Streltsy risen
Rebels hated foreign influence and regiments replacing them

37
Q

How did Peter tackle 3rd Streltsy revolt?

A

Investigations ordered
1699: hundreds flogged
14 torture chambers
3 hanged in Sophia’s window

38
Q

What were early opposition

A

Peasant banditary, streltsy, Cossacks
(Fuelled by Old Believers)

39
Q

1700 reform that cause opposition?

A

Antichrist - intro. Julian calendar

40
Q

4th streltsy revolt when and what?

A

30th July 1705
Streltsy overwhelmed garrisons guards
Aims: kill German advisors, restore orthodoxy, withdrawal of beard decree
Dealt with: military force with 272 dead in Moscow

41
Q

What caused astrakhan revolt?

A

Streltsy discontent
Old Believers
Rumours Tsar had been overthrown

42
Q

What was the Astrakhan revolt?

A

Rebels took 2 towns
–> gov. forces defeated them

43
Q

WHo were the Bashkirs were and as an opposition?

A

non-Russian Muslim people
Russian settlers on thier land + Peters taxes caused them to rebel

44
Q

What did Bashkirs do?

A

Burnt Russian villages
Were divided and unorganised
Even being occupied with Swedes, Peter asked Kalmyks for 10000 irregulars

45
Q

Why did Don Cossacks revolt 1707-8?

A

Consequence of overarching centralisation of the state
SUpport from malcontents that could develop an upheaval as dangerous as Pugachev
–> could cut off southern military and naval bases

46
Q

Events of Don Cossack revolt before defeat?

A

1) Peter asked for fugitives to come back
2) Yuri Dolgurky met by river w/ 1200 soldiers
3)Maximov = cooperate Bulavin= didn’t
4) Bulavin sneak attack on Russian camps
5) Max raised army + defeat Bulavin
6) Bulavin raised army and deated Max
7) Vasily sent 10000 regulars

47
Q

How did the Don Cossack revolt end?

A

1) Bulavin unsuccessful attack on Azov
2) They divided into 3 and were defeated
3) (1708) Dolgurky brough remaining rebels home

48
Q

COnequence of the DOn Cossack revolt?

A

200 men hanged and drifter past Cossack

49
Q

Why did Alexis hate Peter?

A

Forced to marry in 1711
–>Hated match as she was Protestant
Peter wanted him to take the burdens of gov.
–>(1707) focus of courts

50
Q

Who was Alexis?

A

Peters only survivng son
Orthodoxy
Key symbol of resistance

51
Q

What did Alexis do to rebel?

A

(1716) Went to Holy ROman Emperor
–> Peter Tolstoy to bring him back

52
Q

Outcome of Alexis as resistance?

A

(1717) Alexis executed as he watned to abolish navy, reducae army and leave st. Petersburg

53
Q

Epoch of Palace coups opposition?

A

Limited resitance form serfs fue to military power and conflicts between serfs themselves
–> helped by extended peasatn households
– SImply violent criminals
Social protest that threat to autocracy

Russia (16 decks)

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