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Russia > Government > Flashcards

Government Flashcards

1
Q

What were Catherine’s aims?

A

Centralised system of gov. to assimilate all varied faiths
adminstarion and reformity

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2
Q

Why was legal codification desirable?

A

equality before law
remove conflict law= less confusion and quick justice

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3
Q

what was legal codification?

A

one uniform legal system

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4
Q

what was Catherine opinion on torture?

A

condemned it
dislike the knout (form of whipping)
1773 opposed indiscriminate executions

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5
Q

why was progress slow for codification?

A

law depend of will of autocrat

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6
Q

when was great commission?

A

dec 1766

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7
Q

what was the great commission?

A

creation of a legislative commission to codify the laws

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8
Q

what did committee consist of?

A

assembly respective of department of state
social classesCossack communities

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9
Q

what was important about the role of deputies?

A

paid salary
granted immunity for capital/corporal punishment

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10
Q

what were the other laws about deputies?

A

forbidden to voice public grievances or lobby on behalf of thier districts
when resigned could choose replacement

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11
Q

what was the role of the committees ?

A

provide empress with advice

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12
Q

what was the nakaz?

A

(1765) instruction for commission

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13
Q

what was the idea of nakaz?

A

from Enlightenment writers
would’ve liked to abolish serfdom but couldnt to remain on the throne

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14
Q

Who wanted to limit Catherines power?

A

Nikita Panin –> anxious but wanted to limit power of Orlovs as well

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15
Q

How did Panin limit Catherines powers?

A

(1762) put forward a plan for a supreme policy-making body, an imperial council and a senate confined to admin.

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16
Q

Catherines reaction and outcome of Panins attempt at reform?

A

She saw the need for reform but didn’t want authority restrained by the council
(1763) concluded Panin was a minority view
–> dropped council idea and reformed state instead

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17
Q

What was Catherines view of the Senate?

A

too often strayed from its proper admin. role into realms of legislation and policy
–> taking over sovereigns prerogative
Irritated by internal squabbles
–> Centralised bureaucracy vs for aristocratic interests

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18
Q

What was Catherines reform to the senate?

A

(1763) divided into 6 departments
–> first 2 covering bulk of admin and judicial matters
–> consider matters allowed by exisiting law and had to reach unanimous desicion (if not go back to full session of senate)
–> if not unanimous goes to Empress

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19
Q

What was effect of senate reform?

A

releive monarch of routine desicions on minor matters

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20
Q

How was Catherine ensured still in control of senate?

A

Role of Procurator General made hea of first department and supervised other 5 generalsa
–> replaced Bestuzhev with Panin from College of Froeign affairs

21
Q

Overall central gov. in Catherine?

A

a system capable of routine business without the monarch’s direct intervention but ensuring she would have real political power

22
Q

What did Catherine initial aim for local gov.?

A

(1763) establishing more personal grip on local admin. while dealing with inflexibility and peculation

23
Q

How did CAtherine intro. greater uniformity and tackle corruption in local gov.?

A

(Dec 1763) definining precise duties of each grade of offical
–> raised salaries

24
Q

What was Catherines principal aim for local gov?

A

–> greater control over local gov. and further downgrade of power of the senate
–> (April 1764) governors more freedom to act independently and encouraged them to deal with Senate directly

25
Q

Affect of intial reforms to local gov?

A

didnt produce isntant efficiency
salaries not high enough to root out long-established corruption

26
Q

What was CAtherines more comprehensive reform after faliure of legislative commission and Pugachev revolt?

A

Provincil Reform –> reorganised on pop. lines and boundaries of provinces and districts
–> faliure of pugachev = new provinces creatd

27
Q

Outcome of provincial reform?

A

Noble in effort
Short in resources
inadequate supply of talented officials
–> vacant positions and some in hands of minors

28
Q

What kind of ruler was Peter and gov. in 1682?

A

absolute power = autocracy
Patrimonial state = gov. control over private and public property

29
Q

What was Russian parliament?

A

Zemsky zobor
–> rarely met + not at all after 1684

30
Q

What was Duma?

A

Boyar Council of Nobles
–> in decline + no real power

31
Q

What was a prikhaz?

A

Could cover specific area of policy or many aspects of gov. in one geographical area
–> needed to overhaul systam to have an efficient gov.

32
Q

What were local gov. problems under Peter?

A

Provinical governers (veovody) lacked knowledge beyond day to day + poor communication

33
Q

What was Peter gov. aim?

A

Extend authority of state + centralise control in his hands

34
Q

What was Peters gov. reform in 1711?

A

Senate
–> act on Tsars behalf

35
Q

What and when were further reforms to senate?

A

(1716) freq. of meetings
–> however 1/9 illiterate 2/9 corrupt

36
Q

WHen and what were fiskals created?

A

(1711) secret amin. police
Not enough honest civil servants

37
Q

When was the intro of colleges?

A

1718
–> helped get rid of prikhazt contradictions

38
Q

Positives and negatives of colleges?

A

GOod: Systematic and rational extension of gov.
Bad: Hard to find properly educated and reliable people

39
Q

When and what was procurator general?

A

1721 –> supervised senate, fiskals and colleges

40
Q

WHen and what was Rekeitmeister?

A

Investigate complaints and desicions of colleges

41
Q

When and what was uzedy, gubernii and doli?

A

(1708) 8 admin area = gubernii
uzedy (natural borders)
(1715) doli - articifical borders

42
Q

What was outcome of doli?

A

Left in confusion and disaffection

43
Q

When was SUpreme Privy Counvil intro and what?

A

1726 - at first advisory
took over direction og gov. from senate

44
Q

When was Supreme Privy COuncil abloshed and why?

A

1730 when Anna tore up conditions

45
Q

When were their attempts at codification?

A

1727, 1730, 1744 and under Peter I

46
Q

What would codification do if implemetned?

A

ended compulsory state service and placed no limit on rulers authority

47
Q

Why was codification abandoned?

A

focus on 7 years war

48
Q

WHen was death penalty abolished?

A

1744

49
Q

What did Peter III get rid of?

A

Abolished secret chancellory

Russia (16 decks)

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