Foreign Turkish and Crimea 1762-96 Flashcards
What were Catherines aims in south?
1)conquest of new territory
2)Settlement of southern Ukraine
3) access to the black sea, conquest Azov, Taganrog, Kerch
4) Stable borders
Lower level Causes for Russo-Turkish war (1768-1774)
(1768) suppression of condereation of Bar (defend the country against Russia + Stanislaw Augustus placed on throne by Catherine) and Russian intervention in Poland
Immediate trigger for Russo-Turkish war (1768-1774)
Cossack raid on Balta
–> owned by Khan of Crimea
–> encouraged by French money, Porte decalred war on Russia
Russia view of war with Turkey?
excessive confidence born of RUssia military refroms nad reports of Ottoman military declien
Panin vs Orlov strategy for #1 Russo-Turkish war?
Panin: immediate invation of Crimea and Ottoman
Orlov: define Russia aims more carefully
–> assualt Ottomans by sea
Paln between Panin and Orlov?
2 Russian armies would strike
–> one against crimea
–> one against the Danubian principalities
Initial events of Russo-Turkish #1 war?
(1769) Russia won row of victories and Moldovia overrun
–> bubonic plague and floods forced them to retire
–> (July) inflict 2 defeats on Turks, Moldovia and Wallachia
–> (1770) Baltic fleet destoryed Ottoman navy
–> (1771) Vasily Dolgurky conquered Crimea
What was going on in 1771?
Polish war meant Catherine could have war with all 3 powers
–> Turkish war dragged on
Why did #1 Turkish war seem like a fail?
Expedition across Danuabe failed due to lack of supplies
–> death of Sultan and succession of more concilitory brother gave hope of peace
End of #1 Turkish war?
New Russian crossing of Danube + Alexander Suvorovs victories induced Turks to negotiate
What was the negotiated Treaty of #1 Turkish war?
(July 1774) Treaty of Kutchuk-kainardji
–> Russian triumph
–> independence of Crimea
–> Russian access to Black sea through aquision of Kerch
–> consular represntation throughout Ottoman Empire
–> 4.5 million rouble reparations to Russia
What did Turkey get out of Kutchuk-kainardji treaty?
return of Wallachia and Moldovia
Treaty terms for religion Kutchuk-kainardji?
–> lobby Porte for one Orthodox church in Constantinople ( right to protect all ottomans Orthodox subjects)
What was the first step towards Russian domination of Crimean khanate?
(1772) Catherine struck a bargain with Tartar prince
–> Treaty of Karuso Bazaar = Russia recognised Crimean independence of Porte, prince as khan and pledged alliance
What did Catherine want from Crimea?
Turn into Russian puppet state
–> but took 2 more years of warfare to persuade Porte to recognise change
Issues with prince (Shagin-Girei) becoming khan 1776-79?
(1776) Turks candidate removed by Russian arms
–> Russia calimed Shagin authority = absolute
(1777) civil war broke out + new khan rescued twice from Ottomans
(1778) Shagin overthrown again
(1779) Turks couldn’t dislodge Russian forces so made arrangement
What agreement was made by Turks over khan?
Convetion of Aynali Kavak
–> accepeted Shagin-Girei as legitimate
–> independnece of Crimea
–> religious affairs: Sultan = Caliph
–> Russia remove forces from Kuban + Crimea
Catherine possible ally if there was a war with TUrks over Crimea?
Prussia: Son and Panin favoured Prussia
–> no interest in fighting Turks
Austria: had eyes on the Ottoman territory
–> Holy Roman Emperor (Joseph II) hungry for conquests
How did Austria and Turks become alliance?
(May 1780) Catherine met Austrian emporor
(Nov) Jospeh became sole ruler after mother died
–> Catherine proposed alliance
–> Joseph evaded formal treaty through secret letter
What was alliance between Austria and Russia against Ottomans?
1) Austria supports Russia with 12,000 troops or 400,000 roubles a year
2) If war broke out, Austria match Russias army
3) All territories divided equally
4) Neither make separate peace
Others opinion over Austria alliance?
Undercut son (Paul) and Panin preference
Why was Shagin-Girei a liability as a puppet khan?
Territorially aggressive
financially weak
lacking domestic support
ignore Russian advice
(1780) overthrown again
–> Pometkin invaded Crimea, dispersed rebels and restored him in 1782
What was Russia’s idea for a Greek Empire?
Remove Ottomans from Europe
–> Instead 2 Christian buffer states ‘Dacia’ and a ‘Greek EMpire’
Austria: annex Western Balkans
Russia: extend boundaries to Black Sea, absorb Crimea
excuse would be Porte rejected the previous arrangement
What was Josephs opinion over Greek project?
Sceptical and too ambitious
–>Buffer states = Russian satelites
Turks reaction to Greek Project?
Turks gave in as they had no allies
(1783) Pometkin annexed Crimea
–> with Britian and France freed from War of American Independence, couldn’t do anymore
When did Russia go to war with Turkey #2?
(1787-92) Turks had reamrmed, French help,
(Aug 1787) demanded return of Crimea
–> Russian ambassador refused and got locked up
(11th Sept) Porte declared war + Joseph immeditely offered assistnace
What were Catherine war aims for Russo-TUrkish war #2?
defend Crimea
conquer Ochakov (TUrkish fortress)
How did Russo-Turkish war #2 begin?
Seaborne Turkish offence against Kinburn
–> Russian counterattack failed and fleet crippled by storm
What happened after Russian counteratttacks failed?
-Had to fight Turkish landings hand to hand
-Catherine and Potmeking faced the likely loss of Kinburn + the invasion of Crimea
-Catherine went against Poteking advice to evacuate
-Swedish attack on the Baltic diverted Russia’s attention
When did war get better for Russia?
(1788) Pometkin army arrived on Dneister
(Dec) Ochakov fell
(1789) Russians advance to Dneister + Austria seized Belgrade
What was Catherines view in 1789 over war?
THreatened by Prussia and still at war wit Sweden watned to talk peace
–> SUltan instead declared holy war
–> (1790) Joseph died and successor (Leopold) withdrew
What did Britian do to Russia in 1791?
Threatened war unless CAtherine made peace and surrenderd all her conquests, incl. Ochakov
–> backed down
Ending of Russo-Turkish war #2?
RUssia made progress beyond Danube and in Black sea
TUrks, despairing at last of Prussian aid, negotiated
What was RUsso-Turkish war #2 negotiation?
(Jan 1792) Treaty of Jassey
–>recognised Russian annexation of Crimea
–> gave CAtherine territory between Bug and Dneister river incl. Ochakov
Outcome of negotiation?
Less than dreamed ‘Greek Project’
–> Pometkins deaht during neogtations wasa further blow
–> decisive success
