Foreign Turkish and Crimea 1762-96

Question 1

What were Catherines aims in south?

Answer 1

1)conquest of new territory
2)Settlement of southern Ukraine
3) access to the black sea, conquest Azov, Taganrog, Kerch
4) Stable borders

Question 2

Lower level Causes for Russo-Turkish war (1768-1774)

Answer 2

(1768) suppression of condereation of Bar (defend the country against Russia + Stanislaw Augustus placed on throne by Catherine) and Russian intervention in Poland

Question 3

Immediate trigger for Russo-Turkish war (1768-1774)

Answer 3

Cossack raid on Balta
–> owned by Khan of Crimea
–> encouraged by French money, Porte decalred war on Russia

Question 4

Russia view of war with Turkey?

Answer 4

excessive confidence born of RUssia military refroms nad reports of Ottoman military declien

Question 5

Panin vs Orlov strategy for #1 Russo-Turkish war?

Answer 5

Panin: immediate invation of Crimea and Ottoman
Orlov: define Russia aims more carefully
–> assualt Ottomans by sea

Question 6

Paln between Panin and Orlov?

Answer 6

2 Russian armies would strike
–> one against crimea
–> one against the Danubian principalities

Question 7

Initial events of Russo-Turkish #1 war?

Answer 7

(1769) Russia won row of victories and Moldovia overrun
–> bubonic plague and floods forced them to retire
–> (July) inflict 2 defeats on Turks, Moldovia and Wallachia
–> (1770) Baltic fleet destoryed Ottoman navy
–> (1771) Vasily Dolgurky conquered Crimea

Question 8

What was going on in 1771?

Answer 8

Polish war meant Catherine could have war with all 3 powers
–> Turkish war dragged on

Question 9

Why did #1 Turkish war seem like a fail?

Answer 9

Expedition across Danuabe failed due to lack of supplies
–> death of Sultan and succession of more concilitory brother gave hope of peace

Question 10

End of #1 Turkish war?

Answer 10

New Russian crossing of Danube + Alexander Suvorovs victories induced Turks to negotiate

Question 11

What was the negotiated Treaty of #1 Turkish war?

Answer 11

(July 1774) Treaty of Kutchuk-kainardji
–> Russian triumph
–> independence of Crimea
–> Russian access to Black sea through aquision of Kerch
–> consular represntation throughout Ottoman Empire
–> 4.5 million rouble reparations to Russia

Question 12

What did Turkey get out of Kutchuk-kainardji treaty?

Answer 12

return of Wallachia and Moldovia

Question 13

Treaty terms for religion Kutchuk-kainardji?

Answer 13

–> lobby Porte for one Orthodox church in Constantinople ( right to protect all ottomans Orthodox subjects)

Question 14

What was the first step towards Russian domination of Crimean khanate?

Answer 14

(1772) Catherine struck a bargain with Tartar prince
–> Treaty of Karuso Bazaar = Russia recognised Crimean independence of Porte, prince as khan and pledged alliance

Question 15

What did Catherine want from Crimea?

Answer 15

Turn into Russian puppet state
–> but took 2 more years of warfare to persuade Porte to recognise change

Question 16

Issues with prince (Shagin-Girei) becoming khan 1776-79?

Answer 16

(1776) Turks candidate removed by Russian arms
–> Russia calimed Shagin authority = absolute
(1777) civil war broke out + new khan rescued twice from Ottomans
(1778) Shagin overthrown again
(1779) Turks couldn’t dislodge Russian forces so made arrangement

Question 17

What agreement was made by Turks over khan?

Answer 17

Convetion of Aynali Kavak
–> accepeted Shagin-Girei as legitimate
–> independnece of Crimea
–> religious affairs: Sultan = Caliph
–> Russia remove forces from Kuban + Crimea

Question 18

Catherine possible ally if there was a war with TUrks over Crimea?

Answer 18

Prussia: Son and Panin favoured Prussia
–> no interest in fighting Turks
Austria: had eyes on the Ottoman territory
–> Holy Roman Emperor (Joseph II) hungry for conquests

Question 19

How did Austria and Turks become alliance?

Answer 19

(May 1780) Catherine met Austrian emporor
(Nov) Jospeh became sole ruler after mother died
–> Catherine proposed alliance
–> Joseph evaded formal treaty through secret letter

Question 20

What was alliance between Austria and Russia against Ottomans?

Answer 20

1) Austria supports Russia with 12,000 troops or 400,000 roubles a year
2) If war broke out, Austria match Russias army
3) All territories divided equally
4) Neither make separate peace

Question 21

Others opinion over Austria alliance?

Answer 21

Undercut son (Paul) and Panin preference

Question 22

Why was Shagin-Girei a liability as a puppet khan?

Answer 22

Territorially aggressive
financially weak
lacking domestic support
ignore Russian advice
(1780) overthrown again
–> Pometkin invaded Crimea, dispersed rebels and restored him in 1782

Question 23

What was Russia’s idea for a Greek Empire?

Answer 23

Remove Ottomans from Europe
–> Instead 2 Christian buffer states ‘Dacia’ and a ‘Greek EMpire’
Austria: annex Western Balkans
Russia: extend boundaries to Black Sea, absorb Crimea
excuse would be Porte rejected the previous arrangement

Question 24

What was Josephs opinion over Greek project?

Answer 24

Sceptical and too ambitious
–>Buffer states = Russian satelites

Question 25

Turks reaction to Greek Project?

Answer 25

Turks gave in as they had no allies
(1783) Pometkin annexed Crimea
–> with Britian and France freed from War of American Independence, couldn’t do anymore

Question 26

When did Russia go to war with Turkey #2?

Answer 26

(1787-92) Turks had reamrmed, French help,
(Aug 1787) demanded return of Crimea
–> Russian ambassador refused and got locked up
(11th Sept) Porte declared war + Joseph immeditely offered assistnace

Question 27

What were Catherine war aims for Russo-TUrkish war #2?

Answer 27

defend Crimea
conquer Ochakov (TUrkish fortress)

Question 28

How did Russo-Turkish war #2 begin?

Answer 28

Seaborne Turkish offence against Kinburn
–> Russian counterattack failed and fleet crippled by storm

Question 29

What happened after Russian counteratttacks failed?

Answer 29

-Had to fight Turkish landings hand to hand
-Catherine and Potmeking faced the likely loss of Kinburn + the invasion of Crimea
-Catherine went against Poteking advice to evacuate
-Swedish attack on the Baltic diverted Russia’s attention

Question 30

When did war get better for Russia?

Answer 30

(1788) Pometkin army arrived on Dneister
(Dec) Ochakov fell
(1789) Russians advance to Dneister + Austria seized Belgrade

Question 31

What was Catherines view in 1789 over war?

Answer 31

THreatened by Prussia and still at war wit Sweden watned to talk peace
–> SUltan instead declared holy war
–> (1790) Joseph died and successor (Leopold) withdrew

Question 32

What did Britian do to Russia in 1791?

Answer 32

Threatened war unless CAtherine made peace and surrenderd all her conquests, incl. Ochakov
–> backed down

Question 33

Ending of Russo-Turkish war #2?

Answer 33

RUssia made progress beyond Danube and in Black sea
TUrks, despairing at last of Prussian aid, negotiated

Question 34

What was RUsso-Turkish war #2 negotiation?

Answer 34

(Jan 1792) Treaty of Jassey
–>recognised Russian annexation of Crimea
–> gave CAtherine territory between Bug and Dneister river incl. Ochakov

Question 35

Outcome of negotiation?

Answer 35

Less than dreamed ‘Greek Project’
–> Pometkins deaht during neogtations wasa further blow
–> decisive success