Economy Flashcards
Iron Stats
(1710) net importer
(1716) net exporter
(1725) world leading producer
What was Russias main trade at the beginning of the period?
Fur
Russias economy in 1682?
2000 foreign experts
21 factories (4 state owned)
cottage industry
agricultural economy
Overwhelmingly primitive
How much did Peter spend on military in 1704?
40.9%
What was intro. in 1699 and what did it do?
Ratusha
collection of revenue
replaced prikhazy
Mercantilist economic policies
favouring protection of home industries
Encouraged private enterprise through tariffs and subsidies
Why was Peter not a mercantilist?
The state had an overwhelming role
When was the 1st debasement of the russian coinage and why?
1698 –> metal for war
When was the 2nd debasement of the Russian coinage?
1723
What extra things did Peter do to get money out of the public?
monopolies on salt and toabcco
tax on beards and dress
When and what was the soul tax?
1718 –> tax on peasants
affects of soul tax
raised 4 million rouble
Omly implemented in 1724 due to time consuming ccensus
blurred class distinctions for tax purposes
When was internal free trade permitted?
1711
When did exports double?
1725
Outcome at the end of Peter reign for economy?
needed to exploit the old economy rather than expand the pre-existing one
Why was Catherine’s economy strikingly dynamic and prosperous?
Driven by expansion of agriculture and availability of cheap international credit
How much money and why did Catherine get on Amsterdam money market?
44 million roubles to finance two Turk wars
Why wasn’t debt excessive after money market and war?
(1796) 33 million
—> Turks forced to repay some as indemnity
—> healthy export in naval stores = inflow of wealth
What did influx of capital and pop. create for Catherine?
Powerful internal demand for food and industrial products
What benefited agriculture?
Rising pop.
Access to newly conquered fertile lands in south
Transportation in Russia under Catherine?
Costs high but labour was cheap enough to compensate
What were Catherine’s enlightened economic ideas?
Internal free trade
How did Catherine promote internal free trade ( mainly grain)?
Disliked monopolies —> tried to eradicate them till 1781 = mixed success
(1775) Leading landlords to encourage their serfs to engage in handicraft production for wider market
—> nobles on infertile estates especially responsive
—> helped with emancipation of serfs
Why was soul tax removed?
New census= time consumingand unpopular
–> encourage peasant flight
Soul tax by 1954?
No longer carried Russian finances
What was long term ideas to replace soul tax?
Intro. Bank of Nobility + Copper Bank
Indirect taxes e.g. salt and alcohol (35% of revenue)
Poll tax (decreased from 50 to 30%)
Bad outcomes of spending money on military, court and bureaucratic expenditure?
(1733) 8% deficit
(1762) 40-45% deficit
What was obrok?
Tax assigned to serfs away from their property
What was long term belief for epoch of palace coups eco.?
richer economy which could yield more revenues
SHort term belief for economy epoch of palace coups?
New and increased taxes needed
1760 obrok idea?
Raise rate of obrok but could have provoked serf unrest
–> increased to 1 rouble 1760
Turned to indirect taxes
WHat did Seven Years war do for economy?
Produced more fiscal initiatives
Church revenues diverted
Budgets for local gov. and public works slashed
Economy by 1762?
In fiscal and eco. terms, modernistation of Russia still had a long way to go
Lack of currency
No central treasury
Auditing procedures rudimentary and collated in wartime
