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VM753 Clin Sci IV > Ophthamology > Flashcards

Ophthamology Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles open the eye?

A

levator palpebrae superioris (skeletal m)
mullers m (smooth m)

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2
Q

what produces the lipid part of tear film?

A

meibomian glands

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3
Q

what produces the mucin/mucous portion of tear film?

A

conjunctiva

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4
Q

what produces the aqueous part of the tear film?

A

lacrimal gland 70%
gland of the 3rd eyelid 30%q

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5
Q

what muscles does the oculomotor n control?

A

dorsal rectus
ventral rectus
medial rectus
ventral oblique
levator palpebrae superioris

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6
Q

what muscles does the abducens n control?

A

lateral rectus
retractor bulbi

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7
Q

what muscle does the trochlear n control?

A

dorsal oblique

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8
Q

what makes up the fibrous tunic?

A

cornea
sclera

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9
Q

what makes up the vascular tunic?

A

choroid
ciliary bodies
iris

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10
Q

what makes up the nervous tunic?

A

retina
optic n

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11
Q

what are the five layers of the cornea? which are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

epithelium - hydrophobic
bowman layer (not in dog/cats)
stroma - hydrophilic
descemet’s membrane - hydrophobic
endothelium

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12
Q

what are the four reasons the cornea is clear?

A
  1. regularity of collagen fibers
  2. very low cellularity
  3. lack of blood & lymph vessels
  4. relative dehydration
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13
Q

what makes the cornea an obstacle for drug delievery?

A

it is relatively dehydrated

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14
Q

what “bends the light” to provide the most refractive power of the eye

A

tear film

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15
Q

how is the shape of the globe maintained?

A

aqueous humor in the anterior chamber

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16
Q

what produces the aqueous humor?

A

ciliary bodies

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17
Q

what cones do dogs have?

A

blue
yellow-green

makes them deuteranopia (red-green colorblind)

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18
Q

what tapetum do dogs, cats, humans and ruminants have

A

holangiotic

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19
Q

what tapetum do rabbits have

A

merangiotic

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20
Q

what tapetum do equine and elephants have

A

paurangiotic

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21
Q

what tapetum do birds and reptiles have

A

anagiotic

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22
Q

what cranial n causes Horner’s syndrome?

A

none - loss of sympathetic tone

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23
Q

purpose of frontal n block in equine?

A

block sensation of upper lid and cornea

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24
Q

purpose of auriculopalpebral n block in equine?

A

block motor of upper lid (blink)

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25
Q

what are the retinal reflexes?

A

PLR
Dazzle

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26
Q

what are the retinal responses?

A

menace
maze testing

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27
Q

red cornea?

A

blood

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28
Q

white and whispy cornea?

A

fibrosis

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29
Q

blue cornea?

A

edema/fluid

30
Q

black cornea?

A

pigment/melanin or sequestrum in cats

31
Q

sparkly white cornea?

A

lipid or mineral

32
Q

what does the present of flare mean?

A

protein in anterior chamber

33
Q

what do you use to dilate the eye

A

tropicamide

34
Q

what do you use to numb the eye

A

proparocaine

35
Q

normal Schirmer tear test?
species?
location?

A

15 mm / min
not in cats
lateral 2/3 of inferior eyelid

36
Q

what does the fluorescein stain evaluate

A

ulcers
tear film
Jones test (nasolacrimal patency)
Seidel’s test (leakage)

37
Q

normal IOP

A

8-25 mmHg (no more than 3-5 mmHg discrepancy between eyes)

38
Q

when is IOP elevated? decreased?

A

elevated with glaucoma
decreased with uveitis and old age

39
Q

definition:
squinting of the eye

A

blepharospasm

40
Q

definition:
swelling of lids

A

blepharitis

41
Q

definition:
inability or incomplete blinking

A

lagophthalmos

42
Q

definition:
where the upper and lower eyelids meet (nasal and lateral)

A

canthus

43
Q

definition:
region under the eyelid (where foreign bodies get trapped)

A

fornix

44
Q

definition:
excessive tearing

A

epiphora

45
Q

what findings might you have with a dog with a facial n paralysis?

A

absent menace & palpebral
intact facial sensation
KCS “neurogenic dry eye”
no tear production
xeromycteria (1/2 nose dry)

46
Q

causes of facial n paralysis

A

idiopathic (most common)
trauma
infection
neoplasia
iatrogenic
hypothyroidism
nasopharyngeal polyps

47
Q

what treatment is for immune mediated blepharitis “staphylococcal blepharitis”

A

oral steroid (1mg/kg/day)
oral antibiotic (cephalosporins)
NOT topical meds

48
Q

what is trichiasis? clinical signs?

A

normal hair touching the eye
vascular keratitis

49
Q

treatment for trichiasis?

A

lubrication
cryotherapy
blepharoplasty surgery

50
Q

what is distichia? source and clinical signs?

A

modified hair follicles at lid margin
source: meibomian glands
dogs are not clinical

51
Q

clinical signs of ectopic cilia?

A

irritated eyes and corneal ulceration

52
Q

treatment for distichia and ectopic cilia?

A

manual epilation
cryosurgery
radiofrequency epilation
surgical excision

53
Q

causes of entropion

A

congenital/inherited
spastic
cicatricial
fat loss/atrophy

54
Q

treatment for entropion?

A

temp tack
HA filler injection
surgery (holtz, wedge, blepharoplasty)

55
Q

ectropion treatment

A

surgical correction

56
Q

what is eyelid agenesis in cats?

A

congenital defect of dorsal lateral lid

57
Q

treatment for eyelid agenesis in cats?

A

lubricating drops
cryotherapy
robert-bishner
lip to lid blepharoplasty

58
Q

most common canine eyelid masses

A

meibomian gland adenoma
papilloma
melanoma
MCT
SCC

59
Q

treatment for common canine eyelid masses?

A
  1. debulk and cryotherapy
  2. wedge resection
60
Q

common feline eyelid masses

A

SCC
fibrosarcoma
MCT
lymphoma (1* & 2*)
basal cell carcinoma
apocrine hydrocystoma

61
Q

most common eyelid tumors in horses

A

SCC
sarcoid
melanoma
fibrosarcoma
lymphoma (2*)

62
Q

most common eyelid tumors in bovine

A

SCC

63
Q

most common tumor of feline, equine and bovine? association?

A

SCC
lack of pigment and UV exposure

64
Q

where do SCC commonly occur

A

lower eyelid
third eyelid
lateral limbus

65
Q

if a dog had an eyelid laceration/wedge resection, what suture/pattern would you use in SQ? skin?

A

SQ - 4-0,6-0 braided suture
skin - 4-0,5-0 nylon figure 8 at lid margin + simple interrupted or cruciate to finish

66
Q

treatment for follicular conjunctivitis?

A

self limiting
can give neopolydex if irritation/discharge

67
Q

cause of plasmoma? treatment?

A

immune mediated - atypical pannus
cyclosporine or topical steroid

68
Q

treatment of cherry eye?

A

morgan pocket technique

69
Q

large giant breed with something similar to cherry eye is most likely what?

A

scrolled cartilage

70
Q

treatment for scrolled cartilage?

A

removal of bent cartilage
thermocautery

71
Q

most common location of SCC

A

lateral canthus

72
Q

treatment of eye neoplasia

A

surgical excision - often curative

VM753 Clin Sci IV (10 decks)

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