Exam 5 - Livestock Flashcards
Explain why no single herd vaccination program will work for all cattle
Different management styles and production systems will mean different exposures and varying risk factors
Provide reasons why vaccinated cattle can still develop disease
stress
vaccine type used
not following label
maternal ab interference
extra-label vx in livestock are only under certain conditions under the _____ and what are the conditions?
AMDUCA
dose, freq, booster, safety and efficacy not established
extended withdrawal times
veterinary products
vaccine recommendation in small ruminants:
core vx?
don’t vx within __ days of slaughter?
clostridium perfrigens C& D + Tetanus
21 days
why should vx be given SQ in sheep/goats?
meat quality assurance
risk factors of C. perfrigens and tetanus?
high grain diet
cx, tail docking
wounds
when should you vaccine breeding does/ewes?
q 6-12 months
vx 3-4 wks prior to parturition to increase colostral ab
when to vx kids/lambs from vx dams
9-12 wks of age
booster 3-4 wks later
when to vx kids/lambs from unvaccinated dam or possible/known FPT
1-3 wks of age
3-4 wks later booster
4 weeks later booster again
when should you vx sheep/goats for CL?
only on farms with endemic disease
when should you vx sheep/goats for contagious ecthyma? how do you give it?
only in herds with endemic disease or newly introduced
topical
vaccine recommendation in camelids
all extra-labeled
CDT, rabies +/- WNV
vaccine recommendation in pet pigs
erysipelas
rabies
leptospirosis
tetanus
Describe the difference between BVDV biotype and genotype
noncytopathic biotype is the predominant one transmitted naturally (PI)
BVDV Type I has both cytopathic and non-cytopathic
BVDV Type II has both cytopathic and non-cytopathic - noncytopathic causes thrombocytopenia
Compare and contrast acute (transient) BVDV infection, persistent BVDV infection, and mucosal disease
acute - naive animals exposed, mostly subclinical, can be immunosuppressed
PI - non-cytopathic infection during 30-125 days of gestation, clinically normal but weak/poor/immunosuppressed, extreme shedders
mucosal disease - spontaneous mutation in young PI animals = severe erosions/ulcers
to be persistently infected, cow must be infected with BVDV during what days of gestation
30-125 days
congenital defects can occur if the cow is infected with BVDV during what days of gestation
80-180 days
List diagnostic tests that can be used to identify acute (transient) infection and persistent BVDV infection
acute - VI, PCR, IHC, serology
PI - ear notch antigen capture ELISA or IHC
Outline testing strategies and management practices for a comprehensive BVDV control program in cattle
testing - herd screening via serology
management - eliminate the source, test, quarantine and vaccinate
List common bacterial and viral diseases that infect multiple organ systems in cattle
Bacterial:
Histophilus
Leptospirosis
Mycoplasma bovis
Viral:
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Bluetongue
Rinderpest
Foot and Mouth Disease
Histophilus somni
clinical signs of disease:
diagnostic:
clinical signs:
Respiratory (bronchopneumonia, pleuritis), Otitis media, TME, septic arthritis, myocarditis
diagnostic:
culture
Histophilus somni treatment
oxytet, florfenicol, ceftiofur
tetracyclines in feed for control
Leptospirosis
clinical signs of disease (host adapted (L.hardjo) vs nonhost adapted (L. pomona & L. icterohaemorrhagiae)):
diagnostic:
clinical signs:
non-host adapted: severe hemolytic anemia, nephritis, abortion, mastitis
host adapted: low grade dz, chronic, subclinical, abortion
diagnostic:
MAT, FA, culture, PCR
Lepto treatment
oxytet, ceftiofur
Mycoplasma bovis
clinical signs of disease:
diagnostic:
clinical signs:
respiratory, mastitis, otitis media, arthritis, tendonitis, tenosynovitis
diagnostic:
PCR, culture difficult
Mycoplasma bovis treatment
tulathromycin, florfenicol
no beta lactams bc no cell wall
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
clinical signs of disease:
diagnostic:
treatment:
clinical signs:
erosions, panophthalmitis, resp, hematuria, enlarged LN and lameness
diagnostic:
OHV-2 PCR
treatment:
none
Bluetongue
clinical signs of disease in cattle:
diagnostic:
treatment:
clinical signs:
asymptomatic, fever, laminitis, oral lesions, reproductive
diagnostic:
AGID, ELISA, PCR, VI
treatment:
supportive, antimicrobial
Rinderpest
clinical syndromes
clinical signs:
lymphoid, alimentary, mm, lungs, leuokopenia
Foot and Mouth Disease
clinical signs of disease:
clinical signs:
epidermal tissue, oral/feet/mammary lesions
Identify the 3 main categorizes of anemia in cattle
- inadequate production
- hemolytic disease
- blood loss
Identify the causes of hemolytic anemia in cattle
8 intravascular causes
2 extravascular causes
Intravascular:
Babesia
Cu tox (sheep)
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Heinz bodies
immune
lepto
post parturient hemoglobinuria
water intoxication
Extravascular:
Anaplasma
Mycoplasma
Compare and differentiate between extravascular and intravascular hemolytic diseases in cattle
IV = hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria
EV = NO hemoglobinuria, can have icterus/jaundice
what is known as texas fever, cattle tick fever or piroplasmosis and is spread by the rhipicephalus tick?
Babesia
a sheep on necropsy has a yellow friable liver and gunmetal kidneys, what does it have?
Cu toxicity
what causes bacillary hemoglobinuria? treatment? control?
Clostridium haemolyticum (C. novyi type D) spores
tx: hard - can try penicillin
control: 8-way vx, anthelmintics, snail control
do host adapted or non-host adapted lepto serovars cause hemolytic disease?
non-host adapted (L. pomona and L. icterohaemorrhagiae)
what causes postparturient hemoglobinuria?
dairy or beef cattle?
treatment?
low phosphorus <3
dairy cattle
fleet edema diluted IV
Anaplasma
range of signs:
diagnosis:
treatment:
calves - mild
adults - acute, severe
blood smear, PCR, serology
oxytet
Mycoplasma wenyonii (cattle)
clinical signs:
diagnosis:
treatment:
subclinical common, young adult heifers get edema, anemia, fever
blood smear
oxytet
plants that cause heinz body anemia?
onion, rape, kale
plant that causes thrombocytopenia/pancytopenia in cattle?
bracken fern
plant that causes clotting defects in cattle?
moldy sweet clover
Compare and contrast sporadic lymphosarcoma from enzootic lymphosarcoma in cattle
sporadic: non-infectious, no BLV association, young cattle, rare
enzootic: infectious, BLV associated, common, adults
Identify the cause of enzootic lymphosarcoma in cattle and describe how to confirm infection
bovine leukemia virus
serology for infection, PCR proviral load to assess threat of spread
3 types of sporadic lymphosarcoma
juvenile
thymic
cutaneous
3 types of enzootic lymphosarcoma
asymptomatic (majority)
Persistent lymphocytosis
lymphosarcoma
List methods of transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in cattle
transfer of intact lymphocytes - any secretion (blood, milk, discharge, semen)
List the common tissue sites of enzootic lymphosarcoma in cattle
HULAS
heart, uterus, LN, abomasum, spinal cord
Identify the cause and clinical signs of anthrax in ruminants.
Bacillus anthracis spores
sudden death, hemorrhaging from orifices, no blood clots, absence of rigor mortis
Identify the diagnosis, and clinical management of anthrax in ruminant livestock
blood smear, culture/cytology
oxytet, penicillin, prophylactic abx, vaccine
Identify the cause and clinical signs of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
chronic, internal/external abscess, enlarged LN, weight loss, resp disease
Identify the diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants
culture/gram stain
serology for herd
Describe the mechanisms of colostrum antibody production and absorption
- secretion of IgG from maternal serum to colostrum is active, selective and receptor mediated, occurs 4-6wk prepartum
- absorption of colostrum IgG from calf gut to system is non-selective, non-receptor mediated, due to M cells and pinocytosis and occurs first 24hrs
Describe the requirements for successful passive transfer of colostral antibodies
- adequate IgG concentration
- adequate mass ingested
- timely absorption
- colostrum hygiene
List guidelines to ensure adequate colostrum consumption - quantity?
4 quarts within 1-2 hrs
serum IgG guideline for neonate
> 18 g/L
serum total protein guideline for neonate
> 5.8 g/dl
Brix refractometer guideline for neonate
> 8.9%
Colostrum Goals for serum IgG and Brix refractometer?
> 50g/L
22%
Cause of weak/dummy neonate? Describe how to manage/treat a weak/dummy neonate
perinatal hypoxia
Explain the causes of neonatal enteritis and differences between agents and their disease effects
calf scours due to rotavirus, coronavirus and cryptosporidium – cause dehydration
inflam enteritis due to E.coli, salmonella, clostridial enteritis – cause tissue inflam/damage
Describe how to treat neonatal enteritis
viral/protozoal - fluid therapy, adjunctive, abx limited efficacy
bacterial - fluid therapy, parenteral abx (broad spectrum, penicillin for clostridium), adjunctive
Explain the signs commonly associated with neonatal septicemia
injected sclera/mm, cold extremities, left shift neutropenia, hypoglycemia, increase fibrinogen, depression w/o severe diarrhea
Explain why neonates get secondary bloat and list treatments for secondary bloat and its sequelae
secondary to bronchopneumonia
fix primary problem & intermittent tubing or temp rumen fistula/trochar
Describe the pathophysiology of rumen putrefaction
tubing of milk, overeating, esophageal groove dysfunction, milk accumulates in rumen = abnormal fermentation
Describe the clinical signs of rumen putrefaction
recurrent bloat
poor growth
diarrhea
rough hair coat
treatment of rumen putrefaction
rumen lavage
oral tetracycline or penicillin
rumen fluid transfaunation
change feed
