Exam 5 - Equine Flashcards
Equine Influenza vaccine initiates what type of immunity?
mucosal IgA
systemic IgG
Equine Herpesvirus initiates what type of immunity?
mucosal IgA
systemic IgG
cytotoxic T cell response
all nucleated cells use MHC I to present ___ antigens to ____ cells
endogenous antigens
CD8+ T cells
all antigen presenting cells use MHC II to present ___ antigens to ____ cells
exogenous antigens
CD4+ T cells
IM killed flu vx enters as an ____ antigen
exogenous
intranasal modified live flu vx enters as an ____ antigen
endogenous and exogenous
with a killed vx what is the immunostimulant (‘steers’) type of immune response
the adjuvant
Cons of a killed vx
weak/no cell mediated response
local rxn
multiple priming doses
slow onset
non-immunogenic components
how is the equine influenza vaccine made as a modified live?
serial passage at gradually reduced temps = reduce virulence
the influenza hemagglutinin gene inserted into the canarypox virus is an example of what type of vaccine
recombinant vx
how can you differ an influenza infection from vaccination (DIVA)?
infection - anti HA and anti NA antibodies
vaccine - anti HA ab only
core horse vx
EEE/WEE
Rabies
Tetanus
WNV
do vaccines prevent shedding of contagion?
NO - vaccines lessen severity of clinical signs
if a foal colics less than 48 hours old what is it likely?
meconium impaction
gold standard for assessing passive transfer in foals
single RID (radial immune diffusion)
what determines FPT in foals (mg/dl)?
< 400 mg/dl at 24hr of age
Implement management practices to prevent common medical problems in neonates.
adequate PT
umbilical care w/ dilute chlorhexidine
prophylactic enemas
evaluate placenta
evaluate newborn
what classifies a premature foal
< 320 days
what classifies a dysmature foal
born at normal gestation
associated with placental pathology
based on clinical presentation (floppy ears, dome head, silky hair)
treatment for premature/dysmature foal?
nursing care
what is the number 1 killer in foals <7 days of age
septicemia
what are some signs of sepsis in foals? treatment?
nurse less, sleep more, depressed, isolation of bacteria in blood, hypoglycemia, acidosis, azotemia, left shift neutropenia
penicillin, aminoglycoside
what are the two hypotheses of neonatal asphyxia syndrome
- anything that interferes with O2 delievery
- abnormal levels of neurosteroids
inability to find udder
wandering
head-press
lip smack
loss of coordination
seizures coma
death
are signs of what?
neonatal asphyxia syndrome - signs usually show <24hr
treatment for neonatal asphyxia syndrome?
ventilation
perfusion
glucose
control seizures
reduce cerebral edema and neuroprotection
what is a prehepatic cause of icterus?
neonatal isoerythrolysis
what is a hepatic cause of icterus?
tyzzer’s disease
if no blood for a transfusion is available for the foal, what can you use?
washed RBC of the foals dam (so they don’t have the antibodies on them)
what is Tyzzers disease? the cause? treatment?
acute hepatitis
Clostridium piliforme
unsuccessful tx
if there is a 7-42 day old foal who is fine one day and dead the next, what should you suspect?
Tyzzers disease
4 causes of distended/painful abdomen in foals
meconium impaction
uroperitoneum
enteritis
GI ulcers
a foal with hemorrhagic diarrhea, what should you suspect? ddx?
intestinal clostridiosis from Clostridium perfringens type A & C & C. difficile
ddx salmonellosis
how can you diagnosis intestinal clostridiosis in foals?
presence of exotoxins on culture or PCR
treatment for intestinal clostridiosis in foals?
metronidazole
anti-inflam
biotypes, biosponge, support
how can you prevent intestinal clostridiosis in foals (7 ways)?
foal out in pasture
separate cows from horses
wash udder prior to nursing
vaccinate mares (off label) but only valuable if neonatal disease is caused by C. perfringens type C
reduce alfalfa/grain
antitoxin
prophylactic abx
a foal with profuse watery diarrhea, what could this be? what would it NOT be?
rotavirus
would NOT be E.coli (doesn’t cause diarrhea in foals)
foal with bruxism, excess salivation, colic, diarrhea, could be signs of what?
gastic ulcers
should you use proton pump inhibitors in foals with gastric ulcers?
controversial
what are 5 equine specialities in regard to hematologics?
- splenic contraction affects PCV
- rapid sedimentation of RBC
- no reticulocytes
- howell-jolly bodies
- icteric plasma/serum
what are causes of regenerative anemia in the horse
blood loss
hemolytic anemia
what is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in the horse?
IMHA
other causes of hemolytic anemia in horses?
-NI
-Babesia/Piroplasmosis
-penicillin
-lymphoma
is anemia in the horse mostly due to intravascular or extravascular destruction?
extravascular - NO hemoglobinemia/hemoglobinuria
what is a cause of intravascular hemolysis in the horse?
red maple leaf toxicity
treatment for piroplasmosis?
imidocarb diproprionate IM
tetracyclines IV
what is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia in the horse?
chronic inflammatory disease (Strangles, Pigeon fever, Rhodococcus)
How can you differentiate anemia of chronic inflammation from true iron deficiency anemia?
Iron binding capacity decreased w/ chronic
Iron binding capacity increased w/ iron deficiency
Equine Infectious Anemia
transmission?
diagnosis?
transfer of blood - donors, needles/equipment, vectors (flies > mosquitos)
AGID Coggins test
what are the 4 most common causes of consumptive, regenerative thrombocytopenia? what is the most common of these?
- endotoxemia (most common)
- coagulopathy, DIC
- vasculitis
- immune mediated
most common known cause of vasculitis?
purpura hemorrhagica
a horse has ventral edema, lower limb edema, scrotal & mammary gland edema, urticaria, conjunctivitis, and abortion & neonatal foal death. Suspicious of what?
equine viral arteritis
where does EVA persist
intact male horse gonads
