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VM753 Clin Sci IV > Exam 5 - Equine > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Equine Influenza vaccine initiates what type of immunity?

A

mucosal IgA
systemic IgG

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2
Q

Equine Herpesvirus initiates what type of immunity?

A

mucosal IgA
systemic IgG
cytotoxic T cell response

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3
Q

all nucleated cells use MHC I to present ___ antigens to ____ cells

A

endogenous antigens
CD8+ T cells

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4
Q

all antigen presenting cells use MHC II to present ___ antigens to ____ cells

A

exogenous antigens
CD4+ T cells

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5
Q

IM killed flu vx enters as an ____ antigen

A

exogenous

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6
Q

intranasal modified live flu vx enters as an ____ antigen

A

endogenous and exogenous

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7
Q

with a killed vx what is the immunostimulant (‘steers’) type of immune response

A

the adjuvant

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8
Q

Cons of a killed vx

A

weak/no cell mediated response
local rxn
multiple priming doses
slow onset
non-immunogenic components

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9
Q

how is the equine influenza vaccine made as a modified live?

A

serial passage at gradually reduced temps = reduce virulence

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10
Q

the influenza hemagglutinin gene inserted into the canarypox virus is an example of what type of vaccine

A

recombinant vx

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11
Q

how can you differ an influenza infection from vaccination (DIVA)?

A

infection - anti HA and anti NA antibodies
vaccine - anti HA ab only

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12
Q

core horse vx

A

EEE/WEE
Rabies
Tetanus
WNV

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13
Q

do vaccines prevent shedding of contagion?

A

NO - vaccines lessen severity of clinical signs

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14
Q

if a foal colics less than 48 hours old what is it likely?

A

meconium impaction

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15
Q

gold standard for assessing passive transfer in foals

A

single RID (radial immune diffusion)

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16
Q

what determines FPT in foals (mg/dl)?

A

< 400 mg/dl at 24hr of age

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17
Q

Implement management practices to prevent common medical problems in neonates.

A

adequate PT
umbilical care w/ dilute chlorhexidine
prophylactic enemas
evaluate placenta
evaluate newborn

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18
Q

what classifies a premature foal

A

< 320 days

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19
Q

what classifies a dysmature foal

A

born at normal gestation
associated with placental pathology
based on clinical presentation (floppy ears, dome head, silky hair)

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20
Q

treatment for premature/dysmature foal?

A

nursing care

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21
Q

what is the number 1 killer in foals <7 days of age

A

septicemia

22
Q

what are some signs of sepsis in foals? treatment?

A

nurse less, sleep more, depressed, isolation of bacteria in blood, hypoglycemia, acidosis, azotemia, left shift neutropenia

penicillin, aminoglycoside

23
Q

what are the two hypotheses of neonatal asphyxia syndrome

A
  1. anything that interferes with O2 delievery
  2. abnormal levels of neurosteroids
24
Q

inability to find udder
wandering
head-press
lip smack
loss of coordination
seizures coma
death

are signs of what?

A

neonatal asphyxia syndrome - signs usually show <24hr

25
Q

treatment for neonatal asphyxia syndrome?

A

ventilation
perfusion
glucose
control seizures
reduce cerebral edema and neuroprotection

26
Q

what is a prehepatic cause of icterus?

A

neonatal isoerythrolysis

27
Q

what is a hepatic cause of icterus?

A

tyzzer’s disease

28
Q

if no blood for a transfusion is available for the foal, what can you use?

A

washed RBC of the foals dam (so they don’t have the antibodies on them)

29
Q

what is Tyzzers disease? the cause? treatment?

A

acute hepatitis
Clostridium piliforme
unsuccessful tx

30
Q

if there is a 7-42 day old foal who is fine one day and dead the next, what should you suspect?

A

Tyzzers disease

31
Q

4 causes of distended/painful abdomen in foals

A

meconium impaction
uroperitoneum
enteritis
GI ulcers

32
Q

a foal with hemorrhagic diarrhea, what should you suspect? ddx?

A

intestinal clostridiosis from Clostridium perfringens type A & C & C. difficile
ddx salmonellosis

33
Q

how can you diagnosis intestinal clostridiosis in foals?

A

presence of exotoxins on culture or PCR

34
Q

treatment for intestinal clostridiosis in foals?

A

metronidazole
anti-inflam
biotypes, biosponge, support

35
Q

how can you prevent intestinal clostridiosis in foals (7 ways)?

A

foal out in pasture
separate cows from horses
wash udder prior to nursing
vaccinate mares (off label) but only valuable if neonatal disease is caused by C. perfringens type C
reduce alfalfa/grain
antitoxin
prophylactic abx

36
Q

a foal with profuse watery diarrhea, what could this be? what would it NOT be?

A

rotavirus
would NOT be E.coli (doesn’t cause diarrhea in foals)

37
Q

foal with bruxism, excess salivation, colic, diarrhea, could be signs of what?

A

gastic ulcers

38
Q

should you use proton pump inhibitors in foals with gastric ulcers?

A

controversial

39
Q

what are 5 equine specialities in regard to hematologics?

A
  1. splenic contraction affects PCV
  2. rapid sedimentation of RBC
  3. no reticulocytes
  4. howell-jolly bodies
  5. icteric plasma/serum
40
Q

what are causes of regenerative anemia in the horse

A

blood loss
hemolytic anemia

41
Q

what is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in the horse?

A

IMHA

42
Q

other causes of hemolytic anemia in horses?

A

-NI
-Babesia/Piroplasmosis
-penicillin
-lymphoma

43
Q

is anemia in the horse mostly due to intravascular or extravascular destruction?

A

extravascular - NO hemoglobinemia/hemoglobinuria

44
Q

what is a cause of intravascular hemolysis in the horse?

A

red maple leaf toxicity

45
Q

treatment for piroplasmosis?

A

imidocarb diproprionate IM
tetracyclines IV

46
Q

what is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia in the horse?

A

chronic inflammatory disease (Strangles, Pigeon fever, Rhodococcus)

47
Q

How can you differentiate anemia of chronic inflammation from true iron deficiency anemia?

A

Iron binding capacity decreased w/ chronic
Iron binding capacity increased w/ iron deficiency

48
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia
transmission?
diagnosis?

A

transfer of blood - donors, needles/equipment, vectors (flies > mosquitos)
AGID Coggins test

49
Q

what are the 4 most common causes of consumptive, regenerative thrombocytopenia? what is the most common of these?

A
  1. endotoxemia (most common)
  2. coagulopathy, DIC
  3. vasculitis
  4. immune mediated
50
Q

most common known cause of vasculitis?

A

purpura hemorrhagica

51
Q

a horse has ventral edema, lower limb edema, scrotal & mammary gland edema, urticaria, conjunctivitis, and abortion & neonatal foal death. Suspicious of what?

A

equine viral arteritis

52
Q

where does EVA persist

A

intact male horse gonads

VM753 Clin Sci IV (12 decks)

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