Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What area of the eye has the highest visual acuity?

A

Fovea as it contains over half the fibres in the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is aqueous humour of the eye produced?

A

Ciliary body in posterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What eye condition can increased aqueous humour lead to?

A

Glaucoma due to increased eye pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The is a thin tissue layer containing blood vessels to the eye

A

Choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is near vision achieved?

A

Contraction of ciliary muscle → relaxes lens (more convex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is distance vision achieved?

A

Relaxattion of ciliary muscle → flatttens lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A 26 year old obese women presents with HA, nausea, vomiting and visual changes. You look into her eye and you see this. Her MRI has no abnormalities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A patient presents with extreme eye pain and vision loss that occurred rapidly. What drug should you definitely not use?

A

Epinephrine

  • Likely acute closed angle glaucoma
  • Epinephrine leads to mydriasis, which further closes the angle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the immediate treatment for uveitis?

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

signalling is necessary for fibre differentiation in the lens

A

FGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cells do receptor cells (rods and cones) synapse onto?

A

Bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cells do bipolar cells synapse onto?

A

Ganglion cells, which then make up optic nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 subcortical regions to which the optic nerve ganglion cells project?

A
  • Superior colliculus (optic tectum) in midbrain
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus
  • Pretectum
  • Hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the distribution of rods and cones throughout the retina?

A
  • Rods: predominate periphery, numbers decreasing towards the macula
  • Cones: increase towards the macula, at the fovea only cones are present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the fovea where visual acuity is the highest, is the convergence low or high?

A

Low as 1:1 ratio of cones:bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cranial nerve is a tract of the diencephalon?

A

Optic (CN III)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cells produce myelin that covers the optic nerves?

A

Oligodendrocytes

18
Q

Where do fibres carrying the upper part of the visual field run?

A

Temporal lobe via Myers loop

Upper visual field to lower part of retina (green)

19
Q

Where do fibres carrying the lower part of the visual field run?

A

Parietal lobe

20
Q

Broadly, what are the layers and cells of the retina?

A
  • Ganglion cells (magnocellular, parvocellular)
  • Photoreceptors (rods, cones)
  • Pigment epithelium
21
Q

Where does the main visual pathway terminate?

A

Thalamus

Then projects to the cerebral cortex via the optic radiation

22
Q

What area of the eye is affected in macular degeneration?

A

Central retina: central death of pigment epithelium

23
Q

What kind of macular degeneration is neovascular?

A

Wet macular degeneration

24
Q

Which condition would you see drusen, and disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium seen as pigmentary changes?

A

Macular degeneration

25
Q

What condition is defined by detachment of pigment epithelium and photoreceptors?

A

Retinal detachment

26
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?

A

Thalamus

27
Q

What are the three big areas of reorganisations that occur in the lateral geniculate nuclus?

A
  • Streams: motion (magnocellular) and colour (parvocellular)
  • Topography: central or peripheral visual field (contralateral)
  • Laterality: which eye is the stimulus from (nasal crosses, temporal remains on same side)
28
Q

To where does the lateral geniculate nucleus project information?

A

Primary visual cortex

29
Q

Which sinus has a strong relationship with the optic nerve?

A

Ethmoid sinus

30
Q

What is the cause of papilledema?

A

Increased pressure around the optic nerve

31
Q

Where is the suprachiasmic nucleus located and what is it responsible for?

A

Hypothalamus

Circadian rhythm

32
Q

Where is the pretectum located and what is it responsible for?

A

Midbrain

Pupillary reflex: afferent CN II and efferent parasympathetic fibres of CN III via Edinger Westphal nucleus

33
Q

Where is the superior colliculus and what is its function?

A

Midbrain

Visual reflex: reflex movements of the eyes, head and neck to orientate head away from danger or towards objects of interest

34
Q

What is the nerve supply of the cornea?

A

Trigeminal (CN V1)

35
Q

What does normal tear flow depend on? (4)

A
  • Lacrimal gland secretion
  • External eye/ocular surface
  • Lid function as lacrimal “pump”
  • Lacrimal drainage apparatus
36
Q

Impairment of what muscle is responsible for the eye droop in Horner’s syndrome?

A

Muller’s muscle (off levator palpebrae)

Sympathetic innervation to assist in raising eyelid

37
Q

Describe the process of the pupillary light reflex

A

1) light enters the eye
2) sensory information is carried to the ipsilateral pretectal area
3) interneuron relays information from pretectal area to ipsilateral and contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus
4) Edinger Westphal nucleus send preganglionic parasympathetics to the ciliary ganglion
5) clilary ganglion send postganglionic parasympathetics to pupillary constrictor to cause constriction

38
Q

What area is responsible for unconscious vision “blindsight”?

A

Superior colliculus

39
Q
A
40
Q

What are the three layers of the sclera?

A

Outermost: Episclera (dense, fibrous CT)

Middle: Sclera proper (collagen fibres)

Inner: Lamina fusca (pigmented)

41
Q

What are the five layers of the cornea?

A

(Outer-inner)

  1. Epithelial layer (rich in nocicepters)
  2. Bowmans membrane
  3. Stromal layer
  4. Desments membrane
  5. Endothelial layer (little bit of blood supply)
42
Q

What structures make up the vascular tunic (uvea) of the eye? (3)

A
  • Choroid
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body: ciliaris (accomodation), ciliary process

Neurology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions