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Neurology > Neurology: Embryology > Flashcards

Neurology: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neural plate give rise to?

A
  • Neural tube
  • Neural crest cells
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2
Q

What does the notochord become?

A

Nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disc in adult

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3
Q

What induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate?

A

Notochord

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4
Q

Is the alar plate (dorsal) sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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5
Q

Is the basal plate (ventral) sensory or motor?

A

Motor

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6
Q

What are the three primary vesicles in the developing brain (superior to inferior)?

A
  1. Forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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7
Q

What are the five secondary vesicles in the developing brain (superior to inferior)?

A
  1. Telencephalon (from forebrain)
  2. Diencephalon (from forebrain)
  3. Mesencephalon (from midbrain)
  4. Metencephalon (from hindbrain)
  5. Myelencephalon (from hindbrain)
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8
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the telencephalon?

A

Walls

  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Basal ganglia

Cavities

  • Lateral ventricles
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9
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the diencephalon?

A

Walls

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus

Cavities

  • Third ventricles
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10
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the mesencephalon?

A

Walls

  • Midbrain

Cavities

  • Cerebral Aqueduct
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11
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the metencephalon?

A

Walls

  • Pons
  • Cerebellum

Cavities

  • Upper part of fourth ventricle
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12
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the walls and cavities of the myelencephalon?

A

Walls

  • Medulla

Cavities

  • Lower part of fourth ventricle
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13
Q

What develops from the neuroepithelia in the neural tube?

A
  • CNS neurons
  • Ependymal cells (inner lining of venticles, make CSF)
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
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14
Q

What develops from the neural crest?

A
  • PNS neurons
  • Schwann cells
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15
Q

What develops from the mesoderm?

A
  • Microglia (like Macrophages)
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16
Q
  • Failure of caudal neuropore to close, but with no herniation
  • Usually seen at lower vertebral levels
  • Dura is intact
  • Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect
A

Spina bifida occulta

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17
Q

Meninges (but no neural tissue) herniate through bony defect

A

Meningocele

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18
Q

Meninges and neural tissue (eg. cauda equina) herniate through bony defect

A

Myelomeningocele

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19
Q
  • Increased alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid and matternal serum
  • Increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid
A

Neural tube defects (except spina bifida occulta = normal AFP)

20
Q
  • Neuropores fail to fuse (4th week)
  • Persistant connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal
A

Neural tube defects

21
Q

What deficiencies are neural tube defects associated with?

A
  • Maternal diabetes
  • Folate deficiency
22
Q

Exposed, unfused neural tissue without skin/meningeal covering

A
  • Myeloschisis
  • Also known as rachischisis
23
Q
  • Failure of rostral neuropore to close → No forebrain, open calvarium
  • Clinical findings: polyhydramnios (no swallowing centre in brain)
A

Anencephaly

24
Q

MRI:

  • Monoventricle
  • Fusion of basal ganglia (star)
A

Holoprosencephaly

25
Q

Failure of the embryonic forebrain (prosencephalon) to seperate into 2 cerebral hemispheres (usually occures durning weeks 5-6)

A

Holoprosencephaly

26
Q

What signalling pathway may be related to holoprosencephaly

A

Mutations in sonic hedgehog signaling pathway

27
Q

What conditions are associated with holoprosencephaly

A
  • Trisomy 13
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
28
Q

Signs:

  • Moderate form has cleft lip/palate
  • Severe from results in cyclopia
A

Holoprosencephaly

29
Q
  • Failure of neuronal migration resulting in a “smooth brain” that lacks sulci and gyri
  • May be associated with microcephaly and ventriculomegaly
A

Lissencephaly

30
Q
  • Ectopia of cerebellar tonsils inferior to foramen magnum
  • Congenital, usually asymptomatic in childhood
  • Manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms
  • Associated with spinal cavitation (eg. syringomyelia)
A

Chiari I malformation

(ONE structure)

31
Q
  • Herniation of cerebellar vermis and tonsils through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis → non-communicating hydrocephalus
  • Usually associated with lumbosacral myelomenigocele
  • May present as paralysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion
A

Chiari II malformation

(TWO structures)

32
Q
  • Agenesis of cerebellar vermis leads to cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle that fills the enlarged posterior fossa
  • Associated with non-communicating hydrocephalus, spina bifida
A

Dandy-Walker malformation

33
Q
  • Cystic cavity (syrinx) within central canal of spinal cord (yellow arrows)
  • Associated with Chiari I malformation (red arrows show low-lying cerebellar tonsils)
  • Aquired causes include trauma and tumours
A

Syringomyelia

34
Q

Which fibres are typically damaged first in syringomyelia?

A

Fibres crossing in anterior white commissure (spinothalamic tract)

35
Q

Symptoms of syringomyelia

A
  • Cape-like, bilateral, symmetrical loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities
  • Fine touch sensation is preserved
36
Q

Most common location of syringomyelia

A

Cervical > thoracic >> lumbar

37
Q

What pharyngeal arches form the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

38
Q

What nerves supply sensation and taste for the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A
  • Sensation: CN V3
  • Taste: CN VII
39
Q

What pharyngeal arches form the posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

40
Q

What nerves supply sensation and taste for the posterior 1/3 tongue?

A

CN IX and extreme posterior via CN X

41
Q

Which muscle and motor supply is responsible for retracting and depressing the tongue?

A

Hyoglossus via Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

42
Q

Which muscle and nerve supply are responsible for protruding the tongue?

A

Genioglossus via CN XII

43
Q

Which muscle and nerve supply are responsible for drawing the sides the tongue upwards to create a trough for swallowing?

A

Styloglossus via CN XII

44
Q

Which muscle and nerve supply are responsible for elevating the posterior tongue during swallowing?

A

Palattoglossus via CN X

45
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with taste?

A
  • CN VII: anterior 2/3
  • CN IX: posterior 1/3
  • CN X: extreme posterior
46
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in tongue sensation?

A
  • CN V3: anterior 2/3
  • CN IX: posterior 1/3
  • CN X: extreme posterior
47
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with motor control of the tongue?

A
  • CN X: palatoglossus (swallowing)
  • CN XII: hyoglossus (retracts, depresses), genioglossus (protrudes), styloglossus (swallowing)

“The genie comes out of the lamp in style”

Neurology (9 decks)

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