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Neurology > Neurology: Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Neurology: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is myelin synthesised by in the CNS (including CN II)?

A

Oligodendrocytes

“COPS: CNS = Oligodendrocytes, PNS = Schwann cells”

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2
Q

What is myelin synthesised by in the PNS (including CN III-XII)?

A

Schwann cells

“COPS: CNS = Oligodendrocytes, PNS = Schwann cells”

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3
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Wraps and insulates axons: increased space constant and increased conduction velocity

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4
Q

Where along a myelinated axon do action potentials occur?

A

Nodes of Ranvier, where there are high concenttrattions of Na+ channels

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5
Q

What embryotic structure are Schwann cells derived from?

A

Neural crest

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6
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Promote axonal regeneration

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7
Q

How many PNS axons does each schwann cell myelinate?

A

One

“Each “Schwone” cell myelinates only one PNS axon”

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8
Q

What cells are affected in Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What embryotic structure are oligodendrocytes derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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10
Q

How many CNS axons does each oligodendrocyte myelinate?

A

Approximately 30

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11
Q

What is the predominant type of glial cell in white mattter?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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12
Q

What conditions can result from injured oligodendrocytes? (3)

A
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
  • Leukodystrophies
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13
Q

What cells are affected in Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Fast twitch
  • Myelinated fibres
  • Found in all skin, epidermis, some viscera
  • Carries pain and temperature
A

Free nerve endings: A-delta

“A delta plane is fast, but a taxC is slow”

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15
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Slow twitch
  • Unmyelinated fibres
  • Found in all skin, epidermis, some viscera
  • Carries pain and temperature
A

Free nerve endings: C

“A delta plane is fast, but a taxC is slow”

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16
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Large, myelinated fibres
  • Adapt quickly
  • Found in hairless skin
  • Carries light touch and position sense
A

Meissner corpuscles

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17
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Large, myelinated fibres
  • Adapt quickly
  • Found in deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
  • Carries vibration and pressure
A

Pacinian corpuscles

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18
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following?

  • Large, myelinatted fibres
  • Adapt slowly
  • Found in fingertips and superficial skin
  • Carries pressure, deep static touch and position sense
A

Merkel discs

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19
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following?

  • Dendritic endings with capsule
  • Adapt slowly
  • Found in finger tips and joints
  • Carries pressure, slippage of objects along skin surface and joint angle change
A

Ruffini corpuscles

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20
Q

Thin, supportive connective tissue that ensheaths and supports individual myelinated nerve fibres

A

Endoneurium

“Endo = inner”

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21
Q

Blood-nerve permiability barrier that surrounds a fasicle of nerve fibres

A

Perineurium

  • “Peri = around”*
  • “Perineurium: blood-nerve permeability”*
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22
Q

What part of the nerve sheath needs ot be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

A

Perineurium

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23
Q

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)

A

Epineurium

“Epi = outer”

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24
Q

What cell has a “fried egg” appearance histologically?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Chromatolysis: Reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal damage, characterised by...(3)
1. Round cellular swelling (A) 2. Displacement of nucleus to the periphery 3. Dispersion of nissl substance throughout the cytoplasm
26
Disintegration of the axon and myelin sheath disal to the site of axonal injury with macrophages removing debris
Wallerian degeneration
27
What is the role of **medial longitudinal fasciculus**?
**Coordination of eye and head movement** by connecting CN III, IV and VI
28
In what diseases do **lesions of medial longitudinal fasciculus** occur?
Demyelinating disease and ischaemia
29
Which cranial nerves are in the **cavernous sinus**?
CN III, IV, V, VI
30
Which nerve is most likely to get damaged with a carotid artery aneurism?
CN VI due to its location in the cavernous sinus
31
Where does the **optic nerve** exit in the scull?
**Optic canal** and runs in middle cranial fossa
32
Fibres from the ganglion layver of the retina converge to form the
Optic nerve
33
What are the termination sites of the optic tract? (3)
* Geniculate body * Superior colliculus * Pretectum
34
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital lobe
35
Where does the **occulomotor nerve (CN III)** exit the scull?
Superior orbital fissue
36
What is affected first with **compression lesions of CN III**?
**The pupil**, as pupillary fibres are on the outside of the nerve
37
What eye muscles does **occulomotor (CN III)** supply?
Superior branch * Levator palpebrae: raises the eyelid * Superior rectus: elevates the eyeball Inferior branch * Inferior rectus: depresses the eyeball * Medial rectus: adducts the eyeball * Inferior oblique: elevates, abducts, laterally rotates the eyeball
38
**CN III** supplies the iris for pupil constriction **via nucleus** for light reflex and accomodation
Edinger Westphal
39
Small vessel infarcts in diabetes typically have pupillary
sparing
40
Where in the brainstem does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) exit?
Midbrain
41
Most common **structural causes of CN III palsy**? (4)
* Raised intracranial pressure (compresses the nerve against the temporal bone) * Posterior communicating artery aneurysm * Cavernous sinus infection * Trauma
42
Most common **pathological causes of CN III palsy**? (4)
* Diabetes * Multiple sclerosis * Myasthenia gravis * Giant cell arteritis
43
What muscles does the **trochlear nerve** supply?
**Superior oblique** (SO4): depresses and inward tortion of eyeball
44
What is the most common cause of **trochlear nerve plasy**?
**Microvascular damage/small vessel infarct**, from diabetes mellitus or hypertension
45
What signs/symptoms would you expect in a trochlear nerve palsy?
* **Vertical diplopia** exacerbated by looking downwards and inwards (stairs, reading) * **Head tilt AWAY from affected side**
46
What area of the brainstem does the **trigeminal nerve (CN V)** arise from?
Pons
47
Where do each division of the **trigeminal nerve** exit the skull?
* Ophthalmic (V1): superior orbital fissure * Maxillary (V2): foramen rotundum * Mandibular (V3): foramen ovale
48
What area of the brain stem does **abducens nerve (VI)** arise?
Pons
49
What muscle does **adbucens nerve (CN VI)** supply?
**Lateral rectus** (LR6): abducts the eye
50
What signs/symptoms of an **abducens nerve palsy**?
* **Diplopia:** patient may compensate by rotating head towards affected side * **Eye resting in adduction** due to unopposed activity of medial rectus * **Inability to abduct the eye**
51
What area of the brain stem does **facial nerve (VII)** arise?
Pons
52
Where do sensory fibres of the **facial nerve (VII)** arise from?
Geniculate ganglion
53
Sensory fibres of the facial nerve arise from the geniculate ganglion and form the
Nervus intermedius
54
What is the **sensory** supply of the **facial nerve (CN VII)**?
* **Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue** * Small area around the concha of the auricle
55
What is the **parasympathetic** supply of the **facial nerve (CN VII)**?
* Submandibular and sublingal salivary glands * Nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands * Lacrimal glands
56
What **hearing changes** can you get with a **facial nerve palsy**?
**Hyperacusis** due to stapedius not working
57
What are the branches of the **facial nerve**?
* **Temporal**: Innervates the frontalis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercili * **Zygomatic**: Innervates the orbicularis oculi * **Buccal**: Innervates the orbicularis oris, buccinator and zygomaticus muscles * **Mandibular**: Innervates the mentalis muscle * **Cervical**: Innervates the platysma
58
What area of the brain stem does the **vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)** arise?
Pontomedullary junction
59
What areas does the **vestibular nucleus** connect with? (3)
* **Cerebellum** * Anterior horn cells of **spinal cord** * **Eye muscle** bundle via medial longitudinal fasciculus
60
What area of the brain stem does the **glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)** arise?
Medulla
61
Where does the **glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)** exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
62
What is the **sensory** supply of the **glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)**?
* Taste and sensation to **posterior 1/3 of tongue** * Sensation of the **pharynx** * Sensation to middle ear cavity
63
What **muscle** is supplied by the **glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)**?
Stylopharyngeus
64
What area of the brain stem does the **vagus nerve (CN X)** arise?
Medulla
65
Where does the **vagus nerve (CN X)** exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
66
What is the **parasympathetic** effects of the **vagus nerve (X)**?
* Slows the heart * Stimulates the gut
67
What is the **motor** supply from the **vagus nerve (X)** responsible for?
* Phonation * Swallowing
68
Which is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus (CN X)
69
Where does the spinal portion of the **accessory nerve (CN XI)** exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
70
What area of the brain stem does the **accessory nerve (CN XI)** arise?
Medulla
71
What **spinal nerves** does the **accessory nerve (CN XI)** communicatte with?
C2, 3, 4
72
What other cranial nerve does the cranial portion of the **accessory nerve (CN XI**) join?
Vagus (X)
73
What area of the brain stem does the **hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)** arise?
Medulla
74
Where does the **hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)** exit the skull?
Hypoglossal canal
75
What is the **motor** supply of the **hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)**?
Tongue

Neurology (9 decks)

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