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Neurology > Neurology: Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Neurology: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is myelin synthesised by in the CNS (including CN II)?

A

Oligodendrocytes

“COPS: CNS = Oligodendrocytes, PNS = Schwann cells”

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2
Q

What is myelin synthesised by in the PNS (including CN III-XII)?

A

Schwann cells

“COPS: CNS = Oligodendrocytes, PNS = Schwann cells”

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3
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Wraps and insulates axons: increased space constant and increased conduction velocity

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4
Q

Where along a myelinated axon do action potentials occur?

A

Nodes of Ranvier, where there are high concenttrattions of Na+ channels

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5
Q

What embryotic structure are Schwann cells derived from?

A

Neural crest

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6
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Promote axonal regeneration

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7
Q

How many PNS axons does each schwann cell myelinate?

A

One

“Each “Schwone” cell myelinates only one PNS axon”

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8
Q

What cells are affected in Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What embryotic structure are oligodendrocytes derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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10
Q

How many CNS axons does each oligodendrocyte myelinate?

A

Approximately 30

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11
Q

What is the predominant type of glial cell in white mattter?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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12
Q

What conditions can result from injured oligodendrocytes? (3)

A
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
  • Leukodystrophies
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13
Q

What cells are affected in Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Fast twitch
  • Myelinated fibres
  • Found in all skin, epidermis, some viscera
  • Carries pain and temperature
A

Free nerve endings: A-delta

“A delta plane is fast, but a taxC is slow”

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15
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Slow twitch
  • Unmyelinated fibres
  • Found in all skin, epidermis, some viscera
  • Carries pain and temperature
A

Free nerve endings: C

“A delta plane is fast, but a taxC is slow”

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16
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Large, myelinated fibres
  • Adapt quickly
  • Found in hairless skin
  • Carries light touch and position sense
A

Meissner corpuscles

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17
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following:

  • Large, myelinated fibres
  • Adapt quickly
  • Found in deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
  • Carries vibration and pressure
A

Pacinian corpuscles

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18
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following?

  • Large, myelinatted fibres
  • Adapt slowly
  • Found in fingertips and superficial skin
  • Carries pressure, deep static touch and position sense
A

Merkel discs

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19
Q

What sensory receptors exhibit the following?

  • Dendritic endings with capsule
  • Adapt slowly
  • Found in finger tips and joints
  • Carries pressure, slippage of objects along skin surface and joint angle change
A

Ruffini corpuscles

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20
Q

Thin, supportive connective tissue that ensheaths and supports individual myelinated nerve fibres

A

Endoneurium

“Endo = inner”

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21
Q

Blood-nerve permiability barrier that surrounds a fasicle of nerve fibres

A

Perineurium

  • “Peri = around”*
  • “Perineurium: blood-nerve permeability”*
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22
Q

What part of the nerve sheath needs ot be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment

A

Perineurium

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23
Q

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)

A

Epineurium

“Epi = outer”

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24
Q

What cell has a “fried egg” appearance histologically?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

Chromatolysis: Reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal damage, characterised by…(3)

A
  1. Round cellular swelling (A)
  2. Displacement of nucleus to the periphery
  3. Dispersion of nissl substance throughout the cytoplasm
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26
Q

Disintegration of the axon and myelin sheath disal to the site of axonal injury with macrophages removing debris

A

Wallerian degeneration

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27
Q

What is the role of medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A

Coordination of eye and head movement by connecting CN III, IV and VI

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28
Q

In what diseases do lesions of medial longitudinal fasciculus occur?

A

Demyelinating disease and ischaemia

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29
Q

Which cranial nerves are in the cavernous sinus?

A

CN III, IV, V, VI

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30
Q

Which nerve is most likely to get damaged with a carotid artery aneurism?

A

CN VI due to its location in the cavernous sinus

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31
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit in the scull?

A

Optic canal and runs in middle cranial fossa

32
Q

Fibres from the ganglion layver of the retina converge to form the

A

Optic nerve

33
Q

What are the termination sites of the optic tract? (3)

A
  • Geniculate body
  • Superior colliculus
  • Pretectum
34
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

35
Q

Where does the occulomotor nerve (CN III) exit the scull?

A

Superior orbital fissue

36
Q

What is affected first with compression lesions of CN III?

A

The pupil, as pupillary fibres are on the outside of the nerve

37
Q

What eye muscles does occulomotor (CN III) supply?

A

Superior branch

  • Levator palpebrae: raises the eyelid
  • Superior rectus: elevates the eyeball

Inferior branch

  • Inferior rectus: depresses the eyeball
  • Medial rectus: adducts the eyeball
  • Inferior oblique: elevates, abducts, laterally rotates the eyeball
38
Q

CN III supplies the iris for pupil constriction via nucleus for light reflex and accomodation

A

Edinger Westphal

39
Q

Small vessel infarcts in diabetes typically have pupillary

A

sparing

40
Q

Where in the brainstem does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) exit?

A

Midbrain

41
Q

Most common structural causes of CN III palsy? (4)

A
  • Raised intracranial pressure (compresses the nerve against the temporal bone)
  • Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
  • Cavernous sinus infection
  • Trauma
42
Q

Most common pathological causes of CN III palsy? (4)

A
  • Diabetes
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Giant cell arteritis
43
Q

What muscles does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Superior oblique (SO4): depresses and inward tortion of eyeball

44
Q

What is the most common cause of trochlear nerve plasy?

A

Microvascular damage/small vessel infarct, from diabetes mellitus or hypertension

45
Q

What signs/symptoms would you expect in a trochlear nerve palsy?

A
  • Vertical diplopia exacerbated by looking downwards and inwards (stairs, reading)
  • Head tilt AWAY from affected side
46
Q

What area of the brainstem does the trigeminal nerve (CN V) arise from?

A

Pons

47
Q

Where do each division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?

A
  • Ophthalmic (V1): superior orbital fissure
  • Maxillary (V2): foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular (V3): foramen ovale
48
Q

What area of the brain stem does abducens nerve (VI) arise?

A

Pons

49
Q

What muscle does adbucens nerve (CN VI) supply?

A

Lateral rectus (LR6): abducts the eye

50
Q

What signs/symptoms of an abducens nerve palsy?

A
  • Diplopia: patient may compensate by rotating head towards affected side
  • Eye resting in adduction due to unopposed activity of medial rectus
  • Inability to abduct the eye
51
Q

What area of the brain stem does facial nerve (VII) arise?

A

Pons

52
Q

Where do sensory fibres of the facial nerve (VII) arise from?

A

Geniculate ganglion

53
Q

Sensory fibres of the facial nerve arise from the geniculate ganglion and form the

A

Nervus intermedius

54
Q

What is the sensory supply of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A
  • Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • Small area around the concha of the auricle
55
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

A
  • Submandibular and sublingal salivary glands
  • Nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands
  • Lacrimal glands
56
Q

What hearing changes can you get with a facial nerve palsy?

A

Hyperacusis due to stapedius not working

57
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A
  • Temporal: Innervates the frontalis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercili
  • Zygomatic: Innervates the orbicularis oculi
  • Buccal: Innervates the orbicularis oris, buccinator and zygomaticus muscles
  • Mandibular: Innervates the mentalis muscle
  • Cervical: Innervates the platysma
58
Q

What area of the brain stem does the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) arise?

A

Pontomedullary junction

59
Q

What areas does the vestibular nucleus connect with? (3)

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Anterior horn cells of spinal cord
  • Eye muscle bundle via medial longitudinal fasciculus
60
Q

What area of the brain stem does the glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX) arise?

A

Medulla

61
Q

Where does the glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX) exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

62
Q

What is the sensory supply of the glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)?

A
  • Taste and sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • Sensation of the pharynx
  • Sensation to middle ear cavity
63
Q

What muscle is supplied by the glossopharangeal nerve (CN IX)?

A

Stylopharyngeus

64
Q

What area of the brain stem does the vagus nerve (CN X) arise?

A

Medulla

65
Q

Where does the vagus nerve (CN X) exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

66
Q

What is the parasympathetic effects of the vagus nerve (X)?

A
  • Slows the heart
  • Stimulates the gut
67
Q

What is the motor supply from the vagus nerve (X) responsible for?

A
  • Phonation
  • Swallowing
68
Q

Which is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus (CN X)

69
Q

Where does the spinal portion of the accessory nerve (CN XI) exit the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

70
Q

What area of the brain stem does the accessory nerve (CN XI) arise?

A

Medulla

71
Q

What spinal nerves does the accessory nerve (CN XI) communicatte with?

A

C2, 3, 4

72
Q

What other cranial nerve does the cranial portion of the accessory nerve (CN XI) join?

A

Vagus (X)

73
Q

What area of the brain stem does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) arise?

A

Medulla

74
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal

75
Q

What is the motor supply of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

A

Tongue

Neurology (9 decks)

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