Ophthalmology

Question 1

What is the cause of WET age related macular degeneration?

Answer 1

Choroidal neovascularisation

Question 2

What is the cause of DRY age related macular degeneration?

Answer 2

• Drusen deposition
• Geographic atrophy

Question 3

What are the findings in diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 3

• microaneurysms
• dot and blot flame haemorrhages

Question 4

What are the findingds in hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 4

AV nicking

Question 5

What are the symptoms of anterior uveitis?

Answer 5

• painful, RED, eye
• photophobia
• reduced visual acuity
• irregular pupil shape

Question 6

What conditions is anterior uveitis associated with?

Answer 6

• ankylosing spondylitis
• ulcerative colitis/ IBD
• sarcoidosis
• reactive arthritis
• juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Question 7

What is the key difference between glaucoma and macular degeneration?

Answer 7

glaucoma - peripheral vision loss

macular degeneration - central vision loss

Question 8

what are the types of glaucoma?

Answer 8

• Open angle (90%) - gradual onset
• Closed angle (10%) - acute onset, medical emergency

Question 9

What are the symptoms of acute closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 9

• sudden onset PAINFUL RED EYE
• blurry vision
• halos around lights
• dilated pupil not reactive to light
• vomiting
• eye feels rock hard on palpation
• caused by high intra-ocular pressure

Question 10

How does central retinal artery occlusion present?

Answer 10

• ACUTE, unilateral, PAINLESS loss of vision
• occlusion of central retinal artery which can be embolic, thrombotic, inflammatory etc.
• pale optic nerve
• cherry red spot

Question 11

How does central retinal vein occlusion present?

Answer 11

• usually due to thrombosis causing occlusion
• leading to macular edema, retinal ischemia, and neovascular glaucoma.
• also acute PAINLESS LOSS OF VISION
• fundoscopy: blood and thunder appearance due to retinal haemorrhage

Question 12

What is retinitis pigementosa?

Answer 12

Inherited condition which leads to progressive night blindness

Gradual loss of peripheral vision and difficulty seeing in dim light/evenings until they eventually have night blindness

Question 13

What are the classic signs of retinal detachment

Answer 13

• veil or curtain coming down over visual field
• preceded by flashes of light, floaters

Question 14

What is hordeuloum externum?

Answer 14

aka stye
small, painful, red lump on edge of eyelid
Caused by infection of a sebaceous gland along the eyelid
associated with staph aureus
self limiting

Question 15

What is hyphaema?

Answer 15

• blood collecting in the anterior chamber of the eye
• caused by injury to the eye
• blurry vision
• change in the iris appearance - you can see the blood behind the iris, appears like a dark area.

Question 16

what is a chalazion?

Answer 16

blockage of an oil secretin gland on the eyelid (meibomian gland)
PAINLESS swelling

Question 17

What are the symptoms of open angle glaucoma? (Chronic)

Answer 17

• gradual worsening of vision over many years
• It is the peripheral vision that is progressively affected - resulting in tunnel vision
• you got increase cup:disc ratio - “optic disc” cupping

Question 18

CMV retinitis

Answer 18

• Most commonly in patients with HIV
• “pizza” appearance on fundoscopy due to retinal spots and flame haemorrhages

Question 19

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Answer 19

Refers to dry eye syndrome - occurs in Sjögren’s syndrome - which is an autoimmune condition leading to destruction of exocrine glands - the hallmark symptoms are dry eyes and dry mouth

This occurs due to reduced tear formation. you get:
- dry, gritty feeling in eyes
- can lead to corneal ulceration