Ophthalmology Flashcards
What is the cause of WET age related macular degeneration?
Choroidal neovascularisation
What is the cause of DRY age related macular degeneration?
- Drusen deposition
- Geographic atrophy
What are the findings in diabetic retinopathy?
- microaneurysms
- dot and blot flame haemorrhages
What are the findingds in hypertensive retinopathy?
AV nicking
What are the symptoms of anterior uveitis?
- painful, RED, eye
- photophobia
- reduced visual acuity
- irregular pupil shape
What conditions is anterior uveitis associated with?
- ankylosing spondylitis
- ulcerative colitis/ IBD
- sarcoidosis
- reactive arthritis
- juvenile idiopathic arthritis
What is the key difference between glaucoma and macular degeneration?
glaucoma - peripheral vision loss
macular degeneration - central vision loss
what are the types of glaucoma?
- Open angle (90%) - gradual onset
- Closed angle (10%) - acute onset, medical emergency
What are the symptoms of acute closed angle glaucoma?
- sudden onset PAINFUL RED EYE
- blurry vision
- halos around lights
- dilated pupil not reactive to light
- vomiting
- eye feels rock hard on palpation
- caused by high intra-ocular pressure
How does central retinal artery occlusion present?
- ACUTE, unilateral, PAINLESS loss of vision
- occlusion of central retinal artery which can be embolic, thrombotic, inflammatory etc.
- pale optic nerve
- cherry red spot
How does central retinal vein occlusion present?
- usually due to thrombosis causing occlusion
- leading to macular edema, retinal ischemia, and neovascular glaucoma.
- also acute PAINLESS LOSS OF VISION
- fundoscopy: blood and thunder appearance due to retinal haemorrhage
What is retinitis pigementosa?
Inherited condition which leads to progressive night blindness
Gradual loss of peripheral vision and difficulty seeing in dim light/evenings until they eventually have night blindness
What are the classic signs of retinal detachment
- veil or curtain coming down over visual field
- preceded by flashes of light, floaters
What is hordeuloum externum?
aka stye
small, painful, red lump on edge of eyelid
Caused by infection of a sebaceous gland along the eyelid
associated with staph aureus
self limiting
What is hyphaema?
- blood collecting in the anterior chamber of the eye
- caused by injury to the eye
- blurry vision
- change in the iris appearance - you can see the blood behind the iris, appears like a dark area.
what is a chalazion?
blockage of an oil secretin gland on the eyelid (meibomian gland)
PAINLESS swelling
What are the symptoms of open angle glaucoma? (Chronic)
- gradual worsening of vision over many years
- It is the peripheral vision that is progressively affected - resulting in tunnel vision
- you got increase cup:disc ratio - “optic disc” cupping
CMV retinitis
- Most commonly in patients with HIV
- “pizza” appearance on fundoscopy due to retinal spots and flame haemorrhages
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Refers to dry eye syndrome - occurs in Sjögren’s syndrome - which is an autoimmune condition leading to destruction of exocrine glands - the hallmark symptoms are dry eyes and dry mouth
This occurs due to reduced tear formation. you get:
- dry, gritty feeling in eyes
- can lead to corneal ulceration
