Ophthalmology

Question 1

Glaucoma : RF

Answer 1

Genetics
Black skin 
Myopia
HTN
DM
Steroids

Question 2

Primary open angle glaucoma: features

Answer 2

Peripherial visual loss
Decreased acuity
Optic disc cupping

Question 3

POAG: Fundoscopy

Answer 3

Optic disc cupping
Optic disc pallor
Bayonetting of vessels

Question 4

Latanoprost

Answer 4

Prostaglandin analogue

Question 5

Prostaglandin analogue: MoA

Answer 5

Increases uveoscleral outflow

Question 6

Timolol, betaxolol

Answer 6

Beta blockers

Question 7

Beta blockers: MoA

Answer 7

reduces aqueous production

Question 8

Brimonidine

Answer 8

Alpha 2 agonist

Question 9

Alpha 2 agonists: MoA

Answer 9

Reduce aqueous production and increases outflow

Question 10

Dorzolamide

Answer 10

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 11

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: MoA

Answer 11

reduced aqueous production

Question 12

Policarpine

Answer 12

Muscarinic receptor agonist

Question 13

Muscarinic receptor agonist: MoA

Answer 13

Increases uveoscleral outflow

Question 14

Causes sudden painless visual loss

Answer 14

Ischaemia / vascular
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal detachment
Retinal migraine

Question 15

curtain coming down

Answer 15

Amaurosis fugax

Question 16

Retinal haemorrhages

Answer 16

Central retinal vein occlusion

Question 17

CRVO: causes

Answer 17

glaucoma, polycythaemia, HTN

Question 18

Cherry red spot on macula

Answer 18

Central retinal artery occlusion

Question 19

Flashes of light and floaters

Answer 19

Posterior vitreous detachment

Question 20

Dense shadow progressively moving centrally

Answer 20

Retinal detachment

Question 21

Unable to visualise optic disc

Answer 21

Vitreous haemorrhage

Question 22

Acute angle closure glaucoma: features

Answer 22

Severe pain, decreased acuity, red eye

Question 23

Acute angle closure glaucoma: Mx

Answer 23

Eyedrops (pilocarpine, timolol, apraclonidine)

IV acetazolamide

Question 24

Horner’s syndrome; features

Answer 24

Miosis (small pupil)
Ptosis
Enophthalmos
Anhidrosis

Question 25

Horner's syndrome: anhidrosis of face, arm and trunk

Answer 25

Central lesion | Stroke, syringomyelia, MS, tumour

Question 26

Horner's syndrome: anhidrosis of face

Answer 26

``` Pre-ganglionic Pancoast's tumour Thyroidectomy Trauma Cervical rib ```

Question 27

Horner's syndrome: no anhidrosis

Answer 27

``` Post-ganglionic Carotid artery dissection Carotid aneurysm Cavernous sinus thrombosis Cluster headache ```

Question 28

Tunnel vision: causes

Answer 28

``` Papillodema Glaucoma Retinitis pigmentosa Choroidoretinitis Optic atrophy Hysteria ```

Question 29

ARMD: Fundoscopy

Answer 29

Drusen

Question 30

ARMD: RF

Answer 30

Age Smoking FH

Question 31

ARMD: CF

Answer 31

Reduced visual acuity Difficulties in dark adapation Flickering lights

Question 32

ARMD: Mx

Answer 32

VEGF | Laser photocoagulation

Question 33

Blepharitis: causes

Answer 33

Meibomian gland dysfunction Seborrhoeic dermatitis Staph infection

Question 34

Holme-Adie Pupil

Answer 34

Unilateral dilated pupil Slow accommodation Associated with absent reflexes

Question 35

Dacryocystitis

Answer 35

Infection of lacrimal sac

Question 36

Papilloedema: Causes

Answer 36

``` SoL Malignant HTN Idiopathic intracranial HTN Hydrocephalus Hypercapnia Hypoparathyroid Vitamin A toxicity ```