Operational Procedures Flashcards
Acts of unlawful interference (6)
(i) Unlawful seizure in flight
(ii) Unlawful seizure on ground
(iii) Hostage taking (on board or at AD)
(iv) Forcible intrusion (on board or at AD)
(v) Introduction of weapon or hazardous device on board for criminal purpose
(vi) Communicating false information to jeopardise safety of aircraft, passengers, crew, public in flight or at AD
Aerial Work
Specialised work such as agriculture, construction, photography, S&R, aerial advertisement
Commercial Air Transportion
Transportation of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration
General Aviation Operation
Aviation operator other than aerial work or commercial air transport
Corporate Aviation Operation
Non-commercial operation or use of aircraft by a company to carry passengers or goods or other business purpose
Aerodrome operating minima activities (4)
i) Take off
ii) Landing (precision)
iii) Landing with vertical guidance
iv) Landing (non-precision)
Aerodrome operating minima criteria
Runway visual range/visibility
Cloud cover if applicable
Decision altitude/height (DA/H) for precision and vertical guidance landing
Minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H) for non-precision
Alternate Aerodrome types (3)
Take off
En-route
Destination
Area Navigation (RNAV)
Method of navigation permitting any desired flight path within coverage of external navaids or capability of on-board aids
Performance Based Navigation (PBN)
Area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft on designated ATS routes, instrument approaches or designated airspace
Aircraft Operating Manual
Manual based on the flight manual, designed considering human factors principles, for use by operations staff and flight crew
Operations Manual
Manual with procedures, instructions and guidance for operational personnel
Flight Manual
Manual associated with CofA containing airworthiness limitations and information relating to safe flight
Extended flight over water (definition)
Lesser of 50nm or 30 mins cruising speed from land suitable for emergency landing
Best landing position on water
On crest of wave, parallel to swell
Flight time
Chock to chock (for the purpose of taking flight only)
Error
Action or inaction that leads to deviation from intentions or expectations
Threat
Events or errors occurring beyond the influence of operational person
Large aeroplane
> 5700kg
Night
Hours between end of evening civil twilight and start of morning civil twilight
Runway Visual Range
The range over which a pilot on runway centreline can see runway surface markings or lights
Accident (short)
Aircraft sustaining or causing significant damage or personal injury, between somebody boarding with intent to fly and all people disembarking.
Advisory airspace
Airspace within which traffic advisory service is available
ACAS
- Stands for
- Description
Airborne Collision Avoidance System
On-board system using Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) to detect similarly equipped aircraft that my conflict
ATIS
- Stands for
- Description
Automated Terminal Information Service
Repetitive radio broadcast of aerodrome information
Ceiling
Height above ground of lowest layer of cloud covering half the sky
Incident
Occurrence other than accident which could affect aircraft safety
Serious Injury (6)
i) Hospitalisation for 48 hours within 7 days of accident
ii) Bone facture (except simple fingers, toes, nose)
iii) Lacerations causing severe haemorrhage, nerve/muscle/tendon damage
iv) Internal organ injury
v) 2nd/3rd degree burns or burns to >5% of body
vi) Exposure to infectious substances or harmful radiation
Briefing (7)
- Seat belts
- Emergency exits
- Life jackets
- Oxygen
- Briefing cards
- Other emergency equipment
- Collective equipment (eg life rafts)
Minimum equipment (safety)
- Accessible first-aid kit
- Portable fire extinguisher each cabin
- Berth for each person over stated age
- Seat belt for each seat
- Spare fuses
Minimum documentation (3)
- Flight manual and related
- Charts
- Interception info
VFR minimum equipment (5)
- Compass
- ASI
- Altimeter
- Accurate timepiece
- Other appropriate equipment
Equipment for flights over water (SE/ME)
SE out of gliding or ME 50nm: Lifejacket for each person
SE > 100nm or ME >200nm: Rafts for all POB and pyrotechnics
Flight planning - spare fuel
Day - 30 mins cruise
Night - 45 mins cruise
Same aerodrome - 10 mins cruise
Noise regulations - how are they enforced?
Not covered by noise act etc.
CAA can’t prosecute pilots as not covered by ANO
Aerodromes are impacted by planning rules however and noise abatement procedures should be followed
When do noise abatement procedures not apply?
In an emergency ignore them
Purpose of 3 category holding points
Relate to category of Instrument Landing System in use (due to weather), more sensitive systems need waiting aircraft further from runway
Taxi holding position A
Do not cross from solid line direction without permission
Taxi holding position B
Intermediate taxi holding position
Lights at taxi holding positions
i) Runway Guard Lights - flashing yellow wig wags close to runway entry (either side or across taxiway)
iii) Stop Bar - Red “traffic lights” across taxiway, controlled by ATC or on a timer - do not cross red. Any holding point, not necessarily near runway.
Initial response to carburettor fire on start up
i) Starter - crank engine
ii) Mixture - idle cut-off
iii) Throttle - open
iv) Fuel pump - off
v) Fuel selector - off
Subsequent actions for carburettor fire on startup
i) Ignition - off
ii) ATC - inform
iii) Electric master - off
iv) Grab fire extinguisher and exit
Likely cause of carburettor fire on startup
Excess fuel in induction system due to over-priming
Colour of flames for fuel or oil fire
Oil burns black
Fuel burns orange
Components of a fire
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
Actions for engine fire (in flight)
i) Fuel selector - off
ii) Throttle - closed
iii) Mixture - Idle cut-off
iv) Fuel pump - off
v) Heater - off
vi) Defroster - off
vii) Glide landing
2 methods for emergency descent during fire
Purpose of each
i) Roll to 30deg, nose down, wings level once descending. Descend at high speed, not below V(NE)
ii) Reduce speed below V(FE) and V(LE), lower flaps and landing gear and descend at slowest safe speed
First method is quicker to ground but higher demands on airframe
Electrical fire actions
(consider mayday call before switching off avionics, lowering landing gear or flaps if electric)
i) Master switch - off
ii) Cabin vents - open
iii) Cabin heat - off
iv) Locate fire extinguisher
v) Land ASAP
Type of fire extinguisher used in aviation
Halon
Time fire extinguisher will work for
8 to 25 seconds
Toxic components in smoke (2)
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Types of fire
A - Solid
B - Liquid
C - Electric
D - Metal
Effect on airspeed when entering increasing headwind
Will initially increase, as momentum means groundspeed is resistant to change so headwind will be taking air past you faster than before
Overshoot effect
3 causes
An increase in rate of climb
i) Flying into updraft
ii) Climbing into increased headwind
iii) Climbing into reduced tailwind
Undershoot effect
3 causes
A decrease in rate of climb
i) Flying into downdraft
ii) Climbing into decreased headwind
iii) Climbing into increased tailwind
Types of clouds causing updraft or downdraft
Cumulus clouds create updrafts
Cumulonimbus clouds create downdrafts
Windshear definition
A change in wind velocity or direction as you move from one point to another.
Causes of windshear
Fronts
Thunderstorms
Inversions
Low level windshear
Windshear close to the ground, particularly in approach path
Turbulence
Eddy motions in the atmosphere
Windshear reversal effect
Initial response to windshear is an overreaction, taking you past original target profile and requiring opposite control
Downburst
Downdraft out of cumulonimbus or thunderstorm cloud, spreads out as it approaches the ground
Microburst
Especially short lived (5-15 minute) downburst. Relatively compact, about 1 to 3 km.
Action to take if accidentally entering microburst
Continue straight ahead and apply full power
Virga
Rain that evaporates before reaching ground
Cause of wake turbulence
Wing vortices created at high angles of attack
ATC protection from wake turbulence
Light aircraft behind heavy jets delayed up to 3 mins before TO, 8nm before landing
Drift direction of wingtip vortices
Downwards and apart.
Also downwind.
When are strong wing vortices produced? (2)
High angle of attack
High lift
Conditions to be extra careful of wake turbulence
Nil winds - causes them to hang around
Wake Turbulence Categories (ICAO & Flight Plan)
Super/Heavy >136,000kg
Medium 7,000 to 136,000 kg
Light <7,000kg
Wake Turbulence Categories UK
Super/Heavy >136,000kg
Medium 40,000kg to 136,000kg
Small 17,000kg to 40,000kg
Light <17,000kg
[arrivals split medium at 104,000kg between upper and lower medium]
What is the Super wake turbulence category?
Same weight as Heavy, but for specific aircraft (e.g. A380)
Wake turbulence minima on approach
Based on leading aircraft
Nautical miles
When do wake turbulence approach minima apply
i) Aircraft directly behind another one at same altitude or up to 1,000ft below.
ii) Crossing below at same altitude or up to 1,000ft below.
iii) Aircraft using same runway or parallel runways up to 2,500ft (760m) apart
Wake turbulence minima on take off
Based on leading aircraft
In case of full-length take off add 1 min
When do wake turbulence take off minima apply
i) Same runway
ii) Parallel runways 2,500ft (760m) apart
iii) Crossing runways if follower crosses path at same altitude or up to 1000 ft below
iv) Parallel runways over 2,500ft (760m) apart if follower crosses projected path at same altitude or up to 1000ft below
How to avoid wake turbulence when positioning take off and landing
For take off, use full length of runway to take off well before larger aircraft did.
For landing aim for a landing point further along than the larger aircraft.
For crossing runway take off, ensure larger aircraft was still on the ground past the crossing point.
Avoiding wake turbulence in flight
Stay 200ft above altitude of heavier craft when following, or at least 1,000ft below.
Description of wing vortex shape
Spiral, starting under the wing near wing tip, going outwards then upwards and back over the top of the wing
Distance required from hovering helicopter
At least 3 rotors width
Engine failure order of actions
- Trim for best glide speed (range if over water)
- Plan forced landing pattern
- Declare mayday and set 7700 *
- Complete fault finding checks *
- Prepare for forced landing
- Brief passengers
Engine failure fault finding checks (6)
- Fuel Selector: To tank with fuel in
- Fuel pump: On
- Mixture: Rich
- Carb. Heat: On
- Engine Gauges: Check for power loss
- Primer: Check locked
NITS briefing
Nature of Problem
Intentions
Time to handle situation
Special instructions
Safety brief - detail
- Emergency exit locations/use
- Seat belt operation
- Fire extinguisher & first aid kit location/use
- Instruct to remain clear of controls
- Brace position
Touchdown process in emergency
Aim to land at lowest possible airspeed
When committed to landing:
i) Turn off master
ii) Turn off ignition
iii) Fuel Selector to off
iv) Mixture to idle cut off
Brace instructions
15 seconds before landing, shout “BRACE BRACE - BRACE BRACE - BRACE BRACE”
Definition of contaminated runway
More than 25% of runway surface are covered by:
i) Surface water (or equivalent slush/loose snow) over 3mm;
ii) Compressed snow; or
iii) Ice or wet ice.
Surface conditions (5)
Not contaminated
- Dry
- Damp
- Wet
Contaminated
- Water patches
- Flooded
Surface condition described as “change of colour of runway surface”
Wet
Which runways are friction assessed in UK?
Hard surfaces only
ASDA >1,200m
Used for public transport craft >2,730kg
CFME (runway friction)
Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment
Global Reporting Format runway surface conditions
Dry
Wet
Slippery wet
Contaminated
Runway contaminations (8)
Standing Water
Compacted Snow
Dry Snow
Wet Snow
Ice
Wet Ice
Frost
Slush
SNOWTAM runway condition codes
0 (worst) to 6 (best)
Current position sign (taxiway)
Mandatory point sign (runway ahead)
Destination sign, taxiway or runway in this direction
Information sign, e.g. distance to runway
Best way to check fuel contents
Visually inspect tank, gauges can be misleading
Type of ice that forms on aircraft overnight
Hoar frost
Requirement for flight if ice exists in inspection
All ice must be removed before flight can take place
PAPI light signals
2 red 2 white is on glide scope
More red is too low
More white is to high
VASI light signals
3 red 3 white is on glide scope
6 red is low
6 white is high
OLS light signals
Single white in middle of line of green is on glide scope
If white is above, you are high, if white (or turning red) is below, too low.
Mode S transponder parameters (9)
- Selected altitude
- Pressure setting
- Roll angle
- True track angle
- Track angle rate
- Magnetic heading
- Ground speed
- IAS
- Vertical rate
Time limit for filing mandatory occurrence report (MOR)
72 hours
Action if unsure of position when taxiing
Stop - unless on a runway - notify ATS and ask for clarification
Difference between UK and ICAO for flight plans?
UK doesn’t require formal flight plan closure
Impact of tire pressure on aquaplaning speed
Higher tire pressure increases aquaplaning speed
