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PPL 2023 > Flight Performance & Planning > Flashcards

Flight Performance & Planning Flashcards

1
Q

Airworthiness documents

A

Certificate of Registration
Certificate of Airworthiness
Flight Manual
Maintenance Documents

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2
Q

Certificate of Airworthiness - validity

A

Non-expiring but requires aircraft to be maintained and operated as laid out

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3
Q

Flight Manual
- Nature
- CAA reqs.

A

Forms part of the CofA
Needs to be approved by CAA and they may issue a Flight Manual Supplement to amend the original

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4
Q

Name of booklet derived from flight manual

A

Expanded Checklist

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5
Q

Main maintenance requirement

A

CAA approved maintenance schedule
e.g. Light Aircraft Maintenance Schedule (LAMS)

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6
Q

Typical maintenance schedule (4)

A
  • Scheduled annual inspection
  • 100 hour (or 150 hour) inspections
  • 50 hour (or 6 month if earlier) inspections
  • daily preflight inspection (check A)
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7
Q

Document to record that light aircraft is properly maintained
- Which aircraft
- Regularity

A

Certificate of Maintenance Review for craft below 2,730kg
Issued every 12 months

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8
Q

Certificate after maintenance or inspections
Who issues it?

A

Certificate of Release to Service
Issued by licensed engineer after maintenance or inspections

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9
Q

Where is info on defects and repairs recorded?

A

Technical log

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10
Q

What repairs can pilot carry out?

A

Specified list in ANO(GEN), items like bulbs, tyres, fabric, safety belts, spark plugs

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11
Q

50 hour check exception

A

Pilot can carry out 50 hour check on private aircraft, subject to only doing work on the allowed list.

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12
Q

Additional requirement for adjustments to flight controls or engine controls

A

Duplicate inspection
Person who made the adjustment and an independent competent person

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13
Q

Additional aircraft documentation (4)

A

Noise Certificate
Certificate of Approval of Radio Installation
Aircraft Radio Licence
Weight and COG schedule

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14
Q

2 types of mass limitation

A

Structural
Performance

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15
Q

MTOM
- Stands for
- Limitation type
- Where it is recorded
- AKA

A

Maximum Take Off Mass
Structural Limitation
Recorded in FM and CofA
AKA MBRM (Max. Brake Release Mass)

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16
Q

MLM
- Stands for
- Where it is recorded
- Relative to MTOM

A

Maximum landing mass
Recorded in FM and CofA
Less than MTOM as forces are greater in landing than take off

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17
Q

MZFM
- Stands for
- Relevance

A

Maximum Zero Fuel Mass
Greater bending of wings with zero fuel, more important for larger aircraft

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18
Q

V(NE)

A

Never exceed
Red line, highest extent of allowable speed

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19
Q

V(NO)

A

Normal operations
Max cruising speed

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20
Q

Speeds between V(NO) and V(NE)

A

Safe in normal conditions but gusts could overstress the frame

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21
Q

V(FE)

A

Flaps extended
Maximum speed at which flaps can be extended

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22
Q

V(S0)

A

Stall speed will full flap

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23
Q

V(S1)

A

Stall speed with flaps up

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24
Q

V(A) or V(MAN)

A

Aerobatic or manoeuvring speed
Speed at which full application of any control is safe - may depend on weight

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25
Q

V(LO) and V(LE)
Which is greater?

A

Maximum speeds for flying with landing gear operating (LO) or extended (LE)
V(LO) < V(LE) as landing gear is weaker when gear isn’t locked out

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26
Q

V(B)
What is it?
2 alternative identifiers

A

Turbulence Penetration Speed
Also V(TURB) or V(RA) (rough air)

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27
Q

What is Vx?

A

Best angle of climb speed

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28
Q

Velocity/Load Factor Chart

A
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29
Q

ISA
- Stands for
- Definition

A

International Standard Atmosphere
15C @ AMSL
1013.2 hPa

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30
Q

Relationship between temperature/pressure and altitude

A

30ft altitude = 1hPa
1000ft altitude = 2degC

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31
Q

Pressure altitude

A

Altitude showing with pressure set to 1013

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32
Q

Density altitude

A

Pressure altitude adjusted for difference between outside temperature and ISA temp (at current altitude)

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33
Q

What are the CAA factoring rates for safety margin on TO/L distances?

A

1.33 TO
1.43 L

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34
Q

Which light aircraft classes include TO/L factoring rates already?

A

Class C and D already include factoring
Class E (typical training aircraft) does not

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35
Q

When is it mandatory to utilise the safety factoring in TO/L?

A

Public Transport flight
Highly recommended for all other flights

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36
Q

TOSS
- Stands for
- Alternative designation
- Definition

A

Take off safety speed
Also referred to as V(2)
At least 1.2 x V(S)
This is the speed used for TO performance calculations

37
Q

Measured Take Off Distance definition

A

Acceleration from standing still at full power up to 50ft climb at TOSS

38
Q

Ground Run definition

A

Distance to point of lift-off at the lift-off speed

39
Q

Impact of clean wing (no flap) on takeoff profile

A

Ground run will be longer, but take off distance may be similar as climb performance will improve once airborne

40
Q

Take off distance factors
- Weight
- Tailwind
- Density Altitude
- Slope

A

Weight: +10% ==> +20%
Tailwind: +10% LOS ==> +20%
Density Altitude: +1000ft ==> +10%
+10C ==> 10%
Slope: 2% up ==> +20%

41
Q

Take off surface factors
- Limit
- Short Dry
- Short Wet
- Long Dry
- Long Wet

A

Limit is 10 inches
Short dry ==> +20%
Short wet ==> +25%
Long dry ==> +25%
Long wet ==> +30%

42
Q

Impact of humidity on performance

A

Higher humidity reduces aircraft performance

43
Q

Limit on TODA relative to TORA

A

TODA not to exceed 1.5 x TORA

44
Q

Landing distance definition
Relevant speed

A

Landing distance measured from 50ft above ground to full stop
Speed at least 1.3 x V(S) used, called V(REF) - reference speed

45
Q

Adjustments to headwind/tailwind in adjustment factors for TO/L

A

Reduced headwind by 50%, increase tailwind by 50%

46
Q

Landing distance factors
- Weight
- Tailwind
- Density Altitude
- Slope

A

Weight: +10% ==> +10%
Tailwind: 10% of LS ==> +5%
Density Altitude: +1000ft ==> +5%
+10C ==> +5%
Slope: 2% down ==> +10%

47
Q

Landing surface factors
- Short Dry
- Short Wet
- Long Dry
- Long Wet
- Snow

A

Short Dry ==> +20%
Short Wet ==> +30%
Long Dry ==> +30%
Long Wet ==> +40%
Snow ==> At least 25%

48
Q

Very short wet grass with firm subsoil - adjustment factor

A

+60%

49
Q

Chart showing power required and power available as a function of airspeed

A
50
Q

Effect of flaps on power chart

A
51
Q

Effect of density altitude on power chart

A
52
Q

Explanation of power required vs airspeed relationship

A

Power required relates directly to drag which is high at both low speed and high speed and lowest at some point in between

53
Q

Explanation of power available vs airspeed relationship

A

Increased speed increases flow of air into the engine, increasing the potential fuel delivery and thus engine power

54
Q

Determining best range and best endurance speeds (chart)

A
55
Q

Explanation of best range speed

A

Maximise speed/power ratio.
In other words, maximising rate of distance achieved per unit of fuel burned in a given time period

56
Q

Explanation of best endurance speed

A

Simply the minimum power required point on the curve, equivalent to the minimum drag point on curve

57
Q

Effect of headwind on best range speed

A

Best range based on airspeed is less relevant as headwind increases (ground distance matters, not “air distance”)
Spending less time in the air reduces the negative impact of headwind on ground speed

58
Q

Empty mass

A

Fixed equipment + Unusable fuel + Unusable oil

59
Q

Basic Empty mass

A

Fixed equipment + Unusable fuel + Full oil

60
Q

Which mass is used in load calculations?

A

Basic mass used in load calculations as full oil more realistic

61
Q

Operating mass

A

Determined by manufacturer.
Doesn’t include useable fuel but definitions vary so not used in calculations.

62
Q

Zero fuel mass

A

Everything (including passengers, cargo etc.) but no useable fuel

63
Q

Gross mass

A

Everything including fuel

64
Q

TOM/MTOM

A

Take off mass
Maximum take off mass

65
Q

LM/MLM

A

Landing mass
Maximum landing mass

66
Q

Structural vs performance mass limits

A

Structural limits (MTOM/MLM) will be included in FM, CofA etc.
Performance mass limits may be lower depending on conditions (runway conditions, density altitude etc.)

67
Q

RTOM
- Stands for
- Definition

A

Regulated Take off mass
Lower of MTOM and performance adjusted MTOM

68
Q

Maximum Ramp Mass

A

Maximum mass pre-taxi
Assumed fuel burned during taxi

69
Q

Specific gravity of Avgas (100 LL)

A

0.72

70
Q

Specific gravity of oil
(Synthetic & Mineral)

A

Synthetic - 0.96
Mineral - 0.92

71
Q

What is an index unit?

A

Standard unit of moment force
1IU = 1,000 kg mm
or 1,000 lb in

72
Q

CoG checks to perform before flight

A

Check CoG with TOM and ZFM and confirm both within acceptable envelope

73
Q

Effects of forward CoM (2)

A

More stability, less control
Moment against CoL pitches nose downwards, requiring downwards force from stabiliser, thus requiring more lift from wings and higher AoA.
Therefore more induced drag.

74
Q

Definition of performance classifications:
Normal, Utility, Aerobatic

A

Normal - No aerobatics or spinning, max 60 degree bank
Utility - Spinning but no aerobatics, max 90 degree bank
Aerobatic - All items in flight manual

75
Q

Wake turbulence - impact of flap on vortex generation

A

Flap lowers angle of attack therefore reduces production of wind vortices

76
Q

Avoiding wake turbulence on TO/L

A

On take off, start at end of runway so you rotate before where the larger aircraft did.
On landing, aim for a landing (flare) point further along runway then larger craft used.

77
Q

Avoiding wake turbulence in the cruise/circuit

A

Stay at least 200ft above or 1,000ft below altitude of larger craft

78
Q

Worst wind conditions for wake turbulence

A

Nil/low winds

79
Q

Ground effect - rough area it is active in

A

1 wing span from ground

80
Q

Effects of ground effect (3)

A

Lower induced drag
Reduced wing vortices
Increase in C(LIFT)

81
Q

Impact of weight on gliding range

A

No impact

82
Q

Time required between flight plan submission and taxi for VFR

A

60 mins

83
Q

Time required for FIR boundary ICAO flight plan before taxi

A

30 mins

84
Q

Flight plan information format

A

Code for type of information (e.g. EET estimated elapsed time) then “/” then the information
e.g. EET/EGBA0130 means estimated elapsed time to EGBA is 1hr30

85
Q

Flight plan date format

A

YYMMDD

86
Q

Flight plan altitude format
e.g. 4,500 altitude

A

A045

87
Q

Flight plan total EET definition

A

Brakes off to overhead destination

88
Q

Flight plan: altitude info for VFR flight expecting to change levels

A

VFR

PPL 2023 (11 decks)

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