Operational conditioning

Question 1

operational conditioning

Answer 1

A.k.a. instrumental conditioning

Certain responses are learned because they operate on, or affect, the environment

Question 2

Skinner box

Answer 2

Hungry animal placed in box

Presses bar -> receives food pellet (reinforcer) -> increases bar pressing

Question 3

shaping

Answer 3

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response

Question 4

positive reinforcement

Answer 4

presentation of a stimulus after a behavior makes the behavior more likely to occur again

Question 5

negative reinforcement

Answer 5

behavior is made more likely because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Question 6

positive punishment

Answer 6

unpleasant stimulus follows behavior -> decreases probability of behavior

Question 7

negative punishment

Answer 7

removal of pleasant stimulus -> decreases probability of behavior

Question 8

continuous reinforcement

Answer 8

consequences are the same each time the behavior occurs

Question 9

intermittent (partial) reinforcement

Answer 9

consequences are given only some of the times the behavior occurs

Question 10

fixed-ratio

Answer 10

reinforcement for a fixed proportion of responses emitted

Question 11

variable-ratio

Answer 11

reward for some percentage of responses, but number of responses required before reinforcement is unpredictable

Question 12

fixed interval

Answer 12

reinforcement for responses after a fixed amount of time

Question 13

variable-interval

Answer 13

reinforcement for responses after an amount of time that is not constant

Question 14

intrinsic

Answer 14

pursuit of activity for its own sake

Question 15

extrinsic

Answer 15

pursuit of goal for external rewards

Question 16

overjustification

Answer 16

too much reward -> undermines intrinsic motivation