operant conditioning

Question 1

what does operand conditioning explain?

Answer 1

behaviour learnt through consequences

Question 2

what did skinner say about behaviour?

Answer 2

that it is shaped and maintained by its consequences

Question 3

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 3

something good is given so the behaviour is repeated

Question 4

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 4

something bad is taken away so behaviour is repeated

Question 5

what is punishment?

Answer 5

something bad is given so that behaviour is stopped

Question 6

what is primary reinforcement?

Answer 6

a reward that is a basic need such as water and food

Question 7

what is secondary reinforcement?

Answer 7

something that can be used to get the basic needs `

Question 8

what is shaping?

Answer 8

when smaller behaviours are rewarded that will eventually lead to the desired behaviour

Question 9

what are the schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 9

continuous 
fixed ratio 
variable ratio 
fixed interval 
variable interval

Question 10

what is continuous reinforcement/.

Answer 10

a reward is given every time that behaviour is shown

steady and slow display of behaviour

Question 11

what is fixed ratio?

Answer 11

a reward is given relating to a number of times that behaviour is shown such as every five times
high and steady display
PRP

Question 12

what is variable ratio?

Answer 12

reward given after a number of times but the umber of times i random
highest display of behaviour

Question 13

what is fixed interval?

Answer 13

reward given ar regular times such as every week
low rate of display
PRP

Question 14

what is variable interval?

Answer 14

reinforcement at timed intervals but these intervals are random
high display
no prp

Question 15

which schedules of reinforcement create post reinforcement pause?

Answer 15

fixed ratio

fixed interval

Question 16

which schedules do not produce post reinforcement pause?

Answer 16

varibale ratio and variable interval

Question 17

what is post reinforcement pause?

Answer 17

people may stop displayed behaviour right after they have received reinforcement but then continue

Question 18

what animal did sknner study

Answer 18

rats and pigeons

Question 19

what did skinner build?

Answer 19

the skinner box

Question 20

what was the skinner box?

Answer 20

included a lever that when pressed would release a food pellet
animal would then press it by chance and receive a reward
electric shocks were also used as punishments

Question 21

what animal did thorndike study on?

Answer 21

a cat

Question 22

what was the method that thorndike used?

Answer 22

put cat in a cage where there was a latch on the door and a piece of salmon outside
cat scratched until hit the lever
repetition and cat spent less time finding the lever

Question 23

how many times did cat attempts reduce to in thorndike?

Answer 23

went from five minutes and then after ten trials in reduced to five seconds

Question 24

what did thorndike state law of effect was?

Answer 24

if the effect of learning is good then it will be repeated

Question 25

why is the theory in complete?

Answer 25

does not account for behaviour learnt through simple observation such as social learning theory

Question 26

what is wrong with generalisation about results of studies?

Answer 26

many of them have been on animals

Question 27

which part of the brain is much larger than animals?

Answer 27

the cortex meaning that are likely to have a more complex system when learning behaviour

Question 28

why is it reductionist?

Answer 28

it isolates behaviour down to consequences

Question 29

why is the study useful?

Answer 29

can be used in therapy and penalty systems

token economy

Question 30

what kind of behaviours does it help to explain>?

Answer 30

gambling

rewarding etc