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Pathology Finals > Onfectious Disease Part 2 > Flashcards

Onfectious Disease Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Transient infections

A 
Measles
Mumps
Polio virus
West Nile virus
Viral hemorrhagic fever
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2
Q

Is a leading cause of vaccine preventable death and illness worldwide

A

Measles or rubeola virus

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3
Q

Measles is transmitted by

A

Respiratory droplets

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4
Q

Transient infections

Measles
Cell surface receptors for the virus

All nucleated cells

A

CD46

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5
Q

Transient infections

Measles
Cell surface receptors for the virus

Cells of immune system

A

SLAM or

CD150

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6
Q

Transient infections

Measles
Cell surface receptors for the virus

Epithelial cells

A

Nectin 4

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7
Q

Measles pathogenesis

Both CD46 and SLAM bind the

A

Viral hemagglutinin protein

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8
Q

Measles pathogenesis

A 
Viral entry
Multiply in upper respiratory epithelial
Lymphoid tissues
Replicate. In lymphatics
Blood and systemic dissemination
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9
Q

Measles dissemination to many tissues

A 
Conjunctiva
Respiratory tract
Urinary tract
Small blood vessels
Lymphatic system
CNS
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10
Q

Measles with T cell mediated immunity

A

Rash

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11
Q

Measles with malnourished children

A

Croup
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Keratitis

Black measles

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12
Q

Measles with Ab mediated immunity

A

Protects against reinfection

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13
Q

Measles can cause transient but profound immuno suppression

A

Secondary bacterial and viral infection

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14
Q

Measles

Vasodilation of skin vessels, edema, and moderate non specific mononuclear peri vascular infiltrate

A

Blotchy, reddish brown RASH

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15
Q

Measles

Ulcerated mucosal lesions in oral cavity near opening of stensen ducts marked by necrosis, neutrophils exudate and neurovascularization

A

Koplik spots

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16
Q

Measles

Follicular hyperplasia of lymphoid organs with multinucleated giant cells

A

Warthin- finkeldey cells

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17
Q

Measles

Peri bronchial and intestinal mononuclear cell infiltration

A

Measles pneumonia

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18
Q

Mumps

Characteristics

A

Mumps virus a member of paramyxovirus just like measles

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19
Q

Mumps

Two types of surface glycoproteins

A

Hemagglutinin and neuramidase activity

Cell fushion and hemolytic activity

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20
Q

Mumps

Pathogenesis

A 
Inhalation of respiratory droplets
URT
Draining lymphnodes
Activated T cells
Blood
Salivary glands and other sites (CNS, testis,ovary and pancreas)
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21
Q

Mumps

Desquamate on of cells, edema, and inflammation

A

Infects salivary gland ductal epithelial cells

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22
Q

Mumps

Most common extra salivary gland complication

A

Aseptic meningitis

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23
Q

Mumps

70% bilateral
Salivary glands are enlarged with doughy consistency, moist, glistening and reddish brown on cross section

A

Memos parotitis

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24
Q

Mumps parotitis

Microscopic

A

Edematous gland interstitium
Diffuses infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
Compress acini and ducts

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25
Q

Mumps

Testicular swelling due to edema, mononuclear cell infiltration, and focal hemorrhages

A

Mumps orchid is

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26
Q

Mumps or hits pathogenesis

A

Parenchymal swelling
Compromise blood supply
Positive areas of infarction

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27
Q

Mumps

Sterility due to

A

Scars and atrophy of the testis after resolution of infection

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28
Q

Mumps

Parenchymal and fat necrosis with neutrophil rich inflammation

A

Pancreas

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29
Q

Mumps

Peri venous demyelination and perivascular mononuclear cuffing

A

Mumps encephalitis

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30
Q

A spherical, unencapsulated RNA virus of the entero virus genus

A

Poliovirus

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31
Q

Poliovirus

There are 3 major strains of polio virus included in the

A

Stalk formalin-fixed (killed) vaccine

Sabin oral, attenuated (live) vaccine

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32
Q

Poliovirus

Causes poliomyelitis or inflammation of gray spinal cord also known as

A

Infantile paralysis

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33
Q

Poliovirus

Pathogenesis

A 
Fecal oral route
Oropharynx
Secreted in saliva
Swallowed
Multiply in lining of mucosa
Viremimotor neuron of spinal cord or brain stem
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34
Q

Poliovirus

Species specificity determined by amino acid residues that are present in the

A

Human receptor
CD 155
Epithelial adhesion molecule

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35
Q

Poliovirus

Replicates in

A 
Motor neurons of the spinal cord (spinal poliomyelitis)
Brain stem ( bulbar poliomyelitis)
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36
Q

Poliovirus

Rare cases of poliomyelitis that occur after vaccination are caused by

A

Mutations of the attenuated viruses to wild type forms

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37
Q

Poliovirus

Microscopic

A

Neuronophagia

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38
Q

West Nile virus

A

Arthropod borne virus (arbovirus) of the flavivirus froup

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39
Q

West Nile virus

Accidental host

A

Human

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40
Q

West Nile virus

Transmission

A

Mosquitoes to bird or mammals

Developed prolonged viremia (major reservoir for the virus)

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41
Q

West Nile virus

Pathogenesis

A 
Mosquito bites
Dendritic cells
Lymphnodes
Blood stream
BBB
Infects neurons
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42
Q

West Nile virus

Essential host factor that resist neuro invasive infection

A

Chemokine receptor CCR5

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43
Q

West Nile virus

Associated with symptomatic and lethal WNV infection (protective against HIV-1 infection

A

CCR5 32 allele

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44
Q

West Nile virus

Microscopic

A

Encephalitis

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45
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Systemic infectious caused by enveloped RNA viruses in four different genera

A

Arenaviridae
Filoviridae
Bunyaviridae
Flaviviridae

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46
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Hemorrhagic manifestations due to

A

Thombocytopenia or severe platelet or endothelial dysfunction

47
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Increased vascular permeability

A

Necrosis and hemorrhage in organs,

hepatocellular necrosis

48
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Infection stimulates cytokine release

A

Contribute to severe cytophatic effects or DIC

49
Q

Chronic latent infections (herpesvirus infections)

A

Herpes simplex virus
Varicella zoster virus
Cytomegalovirus

50
Q

Chronic latent infections

The persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus

51
Q

Herpes viruses

A

Large
Encapsulated
Ds DNA genome

52
Q

Non infectious form with periodic reactivation and shedding of infectious virus

A

Herpes virus

53
Q

Three subgroups of herpesviruses

Alpha group viruses

A

Herpes simplex virus 1&2

Varicella zoster virus

54
Q

Three subgroups of herpesviruses

Lhymphotropic beta group viruses

A

CMV or HHV5
HHV6
HHV7

55
Q

Three subgroups of herpesviruses

Infect and produce latent infection in a variety of cell types

A

Lymphotropic beta group viruses

56
Q

Three subgroups of herpesviruses

Gamma group viruses

A

EBV

HHV-8/KSHV (karposi sarcoma)

57
Q

Three subgroups of herpesviruses

Latent infection mainly in lymphoid cells

A

Gamma group viruses

58
Q

Produce acute and latent infection

Replicate in skin and mucous membranes at the site of entrance of the virus (Oropharynx or genitals)

A

HSV 1 and 2

59
Q

HSV 2 infection increases the risk of HIV transmission by

60
Q

HSV2 increases the risk of HIV acquisition by

A

Two to three fold

61
Q

HSV2

A

Negative keratitis
Negative encephalitis in adult
70%neonatal infection
Transmission is primarily genital

62
Q

HSV1

A 
Urogenital infections 10-30%
Positive kaperatitis
Positive encephalitis adult
Neonatal infection 30%
Transmission primarily non genital
63
Q

HSV infected cells contain large, pink to purple intranuclear inclusions

A

Cowdry type A

64
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Due to ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells and intracellular edema

A

Fever blisters

Cold sores

65
Q

Herpes simplex virus

HSV1
Seen in children
Vesicles extending to retro pharynx with cervical LAD

A

Gingivostomatitis

66
Q

Herpes simplex virus

HSV1
Swollen, erythematous lesions of the fingers or palm
Infant and health care workers

A

Herpetic whitlow

67
Q

Herpes simplex virus

HSV1 and HSV2
Vesicles on the genital mucous membranes and external genitalia rapidly converted to superficial ulcerations
Can be transmitted to neonates during passage of birth canal

A

Genital herpes

68
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Temporal lobes are the principle target
Hemorrhagic necrosis

A

Herpes encephalitis

69
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Diagnisis

A

Tzanck smear

70
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Diagnosis

Rapid result but cannot distinguish between HSV and VZV

A

Electron microscopy of vesicle fluid

71
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Diagnosis

Can distinguish between HSV andVZV

A

Immunofluorescnence of skin scrapping

72
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Diagnosis

Now used routinely for the diagnosis of herpes simple encephalitis

73
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Diagnosis

HSV1&2 are among the easiest to cultivate. It usually takes only 1-5 days for a result to be available

A

Virus isolation

74
Q

Herpes simplex virus

Diagnosis

Used to document the recent infection. Not useful in acute phase

75
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Acute infection

A

Chickenpox

76
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Reactivation of latent

A

Shingles(herpes zoster)

77
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Spread by

A

Respiratory aerosols

78
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Like HSV

A

Infects mucous membrane

Evades immune response and establishes latency in sensory ganglia

79
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

Unlike HSV

A

Aerosols
Hematogenously
Widespread vascular lesions

80
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus
Chickenpox

Rash occurs approximately

A

2 weeks after respiratory infection

81
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus
Chickenpox

Lesions

A

Multiple
Centrifugally
Dew drop on a rose petal like HSV

82
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus
Shingles

Occurs when

A

Latent VZV in the dorsal root ganglia is reactivated and infects sensory nerves that carry it to one or more dermatomes

83
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus
Shingles

Lesions

A

Intense itching
Burning
Sharp pain

Because of radiculoneuritis

84
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus
Shingles

Geniculate nucleus may be involved causing facial paralysis

A

Ramsay hunt syndrome

85
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Latently infects monocytes and their BM progenitors and can be reactivate when

A

Cellular immunity is depressed

86
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Cause asymptomatic or mononucleosis like infection in healthy individual but

A

Devastating in neonates and immunocompromised patients

87
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Virus is spread in most secretions, particularly

A

Saliva
Urine
Vaginal secretions
Semen

88
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Most common opportunistic viral pathogen in

89
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Modes of transmission

A

Transplacental
Neonatal transmission via cervical or vaginal
Transmission via saliva
Latrogenic transmission

90
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Can infect dendritic cells and impair antigen processing and the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate

A

T lymphocytes

91
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Eludes immune response by

A

Down modulating MHC 1&2
Producing homologous of TNF receptor
Activate and evade NK cells

92
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Produce enlargement of infected cells

A

Cytomegaly

93
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Large inclusion body within the nucleus surrounded by clear hale

A

Owl’s eye

94
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalic inclusion disease

A

Congenital infections

95
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Infection acquired during passage through the birth canal or from breast milk

A

Perinatal infection

96
Q

Cytomegalovirus

Fever, atypical lymphocytes
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatitis

A

Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis

97
Q

Hepatitis B virus

Member of the

A

Hepadnavirus family

98
Q

Hepatitis B virus

A DNA virus transmitted percutaneously

A

Sexually

Perinatally

99
Q

Hepatitis B virus

A etiologic agent of

A

Serum hepatitis

100
Q

Includes viruses implicated in the causation of human cancer

A

EBV
HOV
HBVC
HTLV1

101
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Also known as

A

Human herpes virus 4

Member of herpes virus family

102
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Transmitted by

A

Close human contact, frequently with saliva during kissing

103
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Benign, appearance of atypical T lymphocytes in blood (mononucleosis cells)

A

Infectious mononucleosis

104
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Associated with developmant of

A

Hairy leukoplakia
Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

105
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Infects cell types that express the receptor for complement C3d component_______ certain _______ and ________

A

CR2
CD21

Epithelial cells
B lymphocytes

106
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Binds EB genome to host cell chromosome

107
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Drives B cell activation and proliferation

108
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Promotes B cell activation and replication

109
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Inhibits macrophages and DCs and suppress antiviral T cell responses

A

Produce homologue of IL-10

110
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Pathogenesis
Activated B cells disseminate in the circulation secrete antibodies with several specificities

A

Heterophile anti sheep red blood cell

111
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Atypical lymphocytes

A

CD8 + CTLs and

CD16 + natural killer cells

112
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Reactive proliferation of T cells largely centered in lymphoid tissues

A

LAD

Splenomegaly

113
Q

Epstein Barr virus

Diagnosis depends on

A

Lymphocytosis
Monospot test ( + heterophile antibody)
Specific antibodies for EB antigens

114
Q

Four types of viral infection

A

Acute or transient infections
Chronic latent infections
Chronic productive infections
Transforming infections

Pathology Finals (7 decks)

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