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Pathology Finals > Infectious Disease Part 1 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explaining the infectious nature o PrP?

A

Abnormal PrP promotes transformation of normal PrP to abnormal forms

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2
Q

Pathophysiology for prion

A

PrP found in neurons
Mutation
Abnormal PrP resistant to proteases
Neuronal damage

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3
Q

Cellular prion protein

A 
Non infectious
Monomer
Soluble
Alpha helical
Proteinase K sensitive
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4
Q

Scrapple associated prion

A 
Infectious
Aggregate
Insoluble
Rich in beta sheets 
Partial PK resistant
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5
Q

Prion disease

Infectious fatal neuro degenerative disorders

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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6
Q

TSE in humans

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

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7
Q

TSE in animals

A

Scrapie or bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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8
Q

Prion disease

Upon oral ingestion

A 
GIT
Epithelial cells 
Peyers patches via blood
Lymphoid via macrophages
Peripheral nervous tissue 
Synaptic damage
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9
Q

Prion disease
TSE
Clinical presentation

Kuru (human cannibalism)

A

Symptomatic coordination malfunctions

Uncontrollable and inappropriate episodes of laughter (laughing death)

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10
Q

Prion disease
TSE
Clinical presentation

Bovine spongiform encephalitis

A

Mad cow disease

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11
Q

Prion disease
TSE
Clinical presentation

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

A

Spontaneous- sporadic
Inherited- familial
Latrogenic- surgery, organ transplantation, blood transfusion

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12
Q

Viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

Nucleic acid genome surrounded by a protein core (capsid)

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13
Q

Viruses classification

A 
Nucleic acid genome
Shape of capsid
Presence or absence of lipid envelope
Mode of replication
Tissue tropism
Type of pathology
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14
Q

Bacteria cell wall is peptidoglycans except

A

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma no cell wall

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15
Q

Bacteria classification

A

Gram staining
Shape
Need for oxygen
Production of spores

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16
Q

Fungi eukaryotes

Cell wall

A

Chitin

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17
Q

Fungi

Cell membrane

A

Ergosterol

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18
Q

Fungi

Dimorphic

A

Yeast or hyphae

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19
Q

Fungi

May produce sexual or asexual spores

A

Conidia

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20
Q

Fungi other classification

A

Superficial, subcutaneous, cutaneous infections

Systemic or opportunistic

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21
Q

Single called eukaryotes

Intracellular or extracellular replication

A

Protozoa

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22
Q

Protozoa

E. Histolytica and G. Lambia

A

Cyst

Trophozoites

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23
Q

Protozoa sexual or asexual reproduction

A

Binary fusion

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24
Q

Parasitic worms
Highly differentiated
Complex life cycle

A

Helminths

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25
Q

Helminths sexual reproduction in

A

Definitive host

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26
Q

Helminths asexual reproduction in

A

Intermediate hosts

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27
Q

Helminths do not multiply

A

Produce eggs or larvae

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28
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Most bacteria

A

Gram stain

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29
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Mycobacteria
Nocardia

A

Acid fast stain

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30
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Viral products
Fungi
Most protozoans
All helminths

A

H and E stain

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31
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Campylobacter
Leishmaniae
Malarial parasites

A

Giemsa stain

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32
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Fungi,
Legionella
Pneumocystis

A

Silver stain

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33
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Fungi
Amebae

A

Periodic acid schiff

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34
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

+ specific IgM antibody after onset of symptoms diagnostic

A

Serology

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35
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Nucleic acid- based tests eg, HIV RNA quantification

A

Molecular diagnosis

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36
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

Nucleic acid amplification test; routine for diagnosis of gonorrhea, chlamydia, TB and herpes enceph

A

PCR

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37
Q

Special diagnostic techniques

All classes

A

Antibody probes
Culture
DNA probes

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38
Q

Agents of bioterrorism

Category A

A

Anthrax
Botulism
Smallpox

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39
Q

Agents of bioterrorism

Category A

A 
Highest risk
Readily transmitted from person to person
High mortality in major public health
Public panic
Require special action
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40
Q

Agents of bioterrorism

Category B

A

Easy to disseminate
Moderate morbidity but low mortality
Require specific diagnostic and disease Surveilance

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41
Q

Agents of bioterrorism

Category C eg

A

Nipah and Hanta viruses

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42
Q

Agents of bioterrorism

Category C emerging for mass dissemination due to

A

Availability
Ease of production and dissemination
Potential for high morbidity and mortality
Great impact on health

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43
Q

Skin barrier inhibits growth microbes except normal flora

A

Keratinized skin
Low skin pH 5.5
Fatty acid

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44
Q

Routes of entry: SKIN

Potential opportunist

A

S. Epidermidis

C. Albicans

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45
Q

Routes of entry: SKIN

Skin penetration:

A

Schistosoma larvae

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46
Q

Routes of entry: SKIN

Schistosoma larvae release what enzyme to dissolve ECM

A

Collagenase
Elastase
Other enzymes

47
Q

Routes of entry: SKIN

Skin breaks

A

Superficial pricks (fungi)
Wounds(staphy)
Burns (aeruginosa)

48
Q

Routes of entry: SKIN

Others

A

IV catheters leads to local or systemic infections
Needle sticks
Insect or animal bites

49
Q

Routes of entry: GIT

Most GIT pathogens transmitted by food or drink contaminated with

A

Fecal material

50
Q

Barriers to infection: GIT

A 
Acidic
Viscous mucous
Lytic pancreatic enzymes and bile detergents
Mucosal antimicrobial peptides(defensin)
Normal flora
IgA
51
Q

Routes of entry GIT

Infectious occurs when local defenses are weakened by

A

Low gastric acidity
Intake of ATBC
Mechanical obstruction
Stalled peristalsis

52
Q

Routes of entry GIT

Infections occur when organism develop strategies to overcome defenses by

A

Entero toxins
Exotoxins
Invasion and damage of mucosa

53
Q

Routes of entry Respiratory tract

Barrier against droplet

A

Mucociliary blanket lining URTI

54
Q

Routes of entry Respiratory tract

Barrier against aerosols

A

Alveolar macrophages

55
Q

Routes of entry Respiratory tract

Other barrier

A

Cytokine recruitment of neutrophils

56
Q

Routes of entry Respiratory tract

Pathogens

Attachment to epithelial cells in LRT

A

Influenza virus

H and N antigens

57
Q

Routes of entry Respiratory tract

Pathogens

Impairment of ciliary activity

A

H. Influenza

B. Pertussis

58
Q

Routes of entry Respiratory tract

Pathogens

Evasion of phagocytosis

A

M. Tb

59
Q

Routes of entry: urinary tract

Barriers

A

Regular flushing with urine

Vagina low pH (catabolism of glycogen)

60
Q

Routes of entry: urinary tract

Pathogens

A

Women short urethra
Obstruction to urine flow and reflux
Retrograde spread from bladder to kidney

61
Q

Spread and dissemination

Local spread at site of infection

Lumen of hallow viscera

A

Vibrio choler are

62
Q

Spread and dissemination

Local spread at site of infection

Epithelial cells

A

Papillomaviruses

Dermatophytes

63
Q

Spread and dissemination

Penetration of epithelial barriers

Rabies

A

Via nerves

64
Q

Spread and dissemination

Penetration of epithelial barriers

Secretion of lytic enzymes

A

Strep and staphy

65
Q

Spread dissemination

Major manifestations of infectious diseases may appear at sites distant from the point of entry eg.

A

Measles

Chickenpox

66
Q

Spread dissemination

Placental-fetal route eg

A

Congenital rubella

Congenital syphillis

67
Q

Spread and dissemination

Sexually transmitted infections

Organism tends to be

A

Short lived outside the host

68
Q

Spread and dissemination

Sexually transmitted infections

Usually depends on direct

A

Person to person spread

69
Q

Spread and dissemination

Sexually transmitted infections

Initial site of infection

A 
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
Rectum
Oropharynx
70
Q

Spread and dissemination

Sexually transmitted infections

A

Most are asymptomatic carriers

71
Q

Spread and dissemination

Sexually transmitted infections

Microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus

A

Severe damage to the fetus

72
Q

Spread and dissemination

Sexually transmitted infections

Infection with one STI associated organism increases the risk for additional STIs

A

Same risk factors : chlamydia and gonorrhea

73
Q

Spread and dissemination

Release of microbes from the body

A 
Skin shedding
Coughing and sneezing
Voiding of urine or feces
Sexual contact
Insect vectors
Fomites
74
Q

Mechanism of disease production

Contact or entry host cells and directly cause cell death

A

Mechanical

75
Q

Mechanism of disease production

Release of toxins and enzymes

A

Chemical

76
Q

Mechanism of disease production

Induce host immune responses

A

Immune mediated

77
Q

Factors affecting viral virulence

Must possess cells expressing surface molecules recognized by a viral attachment protein (VAP)

A

Host range

78
Q

Factors affecting viral virulence

Oral or respiratory routes the most common means of viral entry

A

Route of viral entry

79
Q

Factors affecting viral virulence

Major determinants

A

Tissue specificity (tropism)

80
Q

Example of this determinant

Presence of viral receptors on host cells

A

HIV

81
Q

Example of this determinant

Presence of type specific transcription factors on some cells and not in others

A

JC virus- restricted to oligodendrogilia

82
Q

Example of this determinant

Physical barriers

A

Enteroviruses- resistant to gastric acid

Rhinovirus- URT due to lower temperature

83
Q

Factors affecting viral virulence

Mechanism

Prevent synthesis of host macromolecules(DNA, RNA or protein)
Production of enzymes and toxins
Induction of apoptosis

A

Direct cytophatic effect

84
Q

Example of direct cytophatic effect

A

Poliovirus
HSV
Viral replication

85
Q

Factors affecting viral virulence

Mechanism

Viral protein on surface of host cells recognized by immune system

A

Anti viral immune

86
Q

Example of antiviral immune response

A

Hepatitis B infection

87
Q

Factors affecting viral virulence

Mechanism

Oncogenic viruses

A

Transformation of infected cells

88
Q

Inhibition of cellular protein synthesis

A

HSV

Poliovirus

89
Q

Disruption of cytoskeleton

A

HSv

90
Q

Negri bodies

A

Rabies

91
Q

Owl’s eye nuclear bodies

A

CMV

92
Q

Cowdry type A nuclear Bodies

A

HSV

93
Q

Immunosuppresion

A

HIV
CMV
Measles

94
Q

Bacterial damage to host tissues depends on ability of the bacteria to

A

Adhere to host cells
Invade cells and tissues
Deliver toxins

95
Q

Bacterial virulence enhanced

Virulence genes

A 
Pathogenicity islands (Caga of H. Pylori)
Plasmids and bacteriophages
96
Q

Bacterial virulence enhanced

Increase expression of conc. of bacteria in tissue increases

A

Regulation of gene expression within a large population of organisms by quorum sensing

97
Q

Bacterial virulence enhanced

Enhance adherence
Make the bacteria inaccessible to immune effector mechanisms
Increase bacterial resistance to anti microbial drugs

A

Biofilm formation by communities of bacteria

98
Q

Bacterial adherence to host cells

Bacterial surface molecules bind to bacterial host cells or ECM
S. Pyogenes- protein F and teichoic acid

A

Adhesins

99
Q

Bacterial adherence to host cells

E. Coli - P pilus to uroepithelial cells

A

Pili

100
Q

Infect either or both

Epithelial cells

A

Shigella

EIEC

101
Q

Infect either or both

Macrophages

A

M. Tb

M. Lep

102
Q

Infect both

A

Salmonella Tupi

103
Q

Intracellular bacteria: mechanism for host cell entry

M. Tuberculosis 
Activation of alternative pathway
Opsonization with C3B
Bind to CR3 on macrophages
Endocytosis
A

Utilization of host immune response to enter macrophages

104
Q

Intracellular bacteria: mechanism for host cell entry

Gram negative bacteria
Bind to host cells
Protein release
Cytoskeletal rearrangement
Entry
A

Utilization of complex secretion system to enter epithelial cells

105
Q

Intracellular bacteria: mechanism for host cell entry

Listeria monocytogenes
Allow evasion of immune effector mechanisms

A

Manipulation of cell cytoskeleton spread directly from cell to cell

106
Q

Endotoxins

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Cytokines enhance T cell activation
High level of TNF, IL-1 and 2

107
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteases and hyaluronidase
A-B toxins
Neurotoxins
Super antigens (staphy)

108
Q

Bacterial virulence mechanism

A

EAT RICE

Enzyme
Adherence
Toxin
Resistance
Invasion 
Circulation
Evasion
109
Q

Growth and replication in sites inaccessible to host immune response

Concealed from CMI

A

Lumen of intestines (C. Difficile)

Gallbladder ( s. Thy phi)

110
Q

Growth and replication in sites inaccessible to host immune response

Rapid invasion of host cell before humoral responses become effective

A

Malaria (liver cells)
Trichinella (skeletal muscle)
T. Cruzi (cardiac muscle)

111
Q

Growth and replication in sites inaccessible to host immune response

Formation of cysts with dense capsules

A

Larva of tapeworms

112
Q

Growth and replication in sites inaccessible to host immune response

Viral genes not expressed
Viral Ag not exposed to immune system

A

Vital latency

113
Q

Growth and replication in sites inaccessible to host immune response

Intracellular growth without inactivation

A

Inhibition of phagocytosis fusion by M. To

114
Q

Abnormal forms of host protein

A

Prion protein or PrP

Pathology Finals (7 decks)

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