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USMLE > One Word_Pharmacology > Flashcards

One Word_Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Alzheimer’s drug - Donepezil

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2
Q

Alzheimer’s drug - Memantine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

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3
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity

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4
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Chloramphenicol

A

“gray baby”

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5
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Fluoroquinolones

A

Cartilage damage

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6
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Griseofulvin (antifungal)

A

Teratogenic

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7
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Metronidazole

A

Mutagenesis

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8
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Ribavirin (antiviral)

A

Teratogenic

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9
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Sulfonamides

A

Kernicterus

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10
Q

Antibiotic to avoid in pregnancy - Tetracyclines

A

Discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth

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11
Q

Drug class - Acarbose

A

α-glucosidase inhibitors

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12
Q

Drug class - Amiloride

A

K+ sparing diuretics

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13
Q

Drug class - Amiodarone

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

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14
Q

Drug class - Bretylium

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

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15
Q

Drug class - Chlorpropamide

A

First generation sulfonylureas

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16
Q

Drug class - Cholestyramine

A

Bile acid resins

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17
Q

Drug class - Colesevelam

A

Bile acid resins

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18
Q

Drug class - Colestipol

A

Bile acid resins

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19
Q

Drug class - Diltiazem

A

Class IV antiarrhythmics

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20
Q

Drug class - Disopyramide

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

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21
Q

Drug class - Dofetilide

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

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22
Q

Drug class - Eplerenone

A

K+ sparing diuretics

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23
Q

Drug class - Exenatide

A

GLP-1 analog (for diabetes)

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24
Q

Drug class - Ezetimibe

A

Cholesterol absorption blockers

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25
Q

Drug class - Flecainide

A

Class IC antiarrhythmics

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26
Q

Drug class - Glimepiride

A

Second generation sulfonylureas

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27
Q

Drug class - Glipizide

A

Second generation sulfonylureas

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28
Q

Drug class - Glyburide

A

Second generation sulfonylureas

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29
Q

Drug class - Ibutilide

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

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30
Q

Drug class - Ketorolac

A

NSAIDs

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31
Q

Drug class - Lidocaine

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

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32
Q

Drug class - Meperidine

A

Opioids

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33
Q

Drug class - Metformin

A

Biguanides (for diabetes)

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34
Q

Drug class - Mexiletine

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

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35
Q

Drug class - Miglitol

A

α-glucosidase inhibitors

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36
Q

Drug class - Naproxen

A

NSAIDs

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37
Q

Drug class - Pioglitazone

A

Glitazones/thiazolidinediones (for diabetes)

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38
Q

Drug class - Pirenzepine

A

GI muscarinic antagonists

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39
Q

Drug class - Pramlintide

A

Mimetics (for diabetes)

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40
Q

Drug class - Procainamide

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

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41
Q

Drug class - Propantheline

A

GI muscarinic antagonists

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42
Q

Drug class - Quinidine

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

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43
Q

Drug class - Rosiglitazone

A

Glitazones/thiazolidinediones (for diabetes)

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44
Q

Drug class - Sotalol

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

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45
Q

Drug class - Spironolactone

A

K+ sparing diuretics

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46
Q

Drug class - Tocainide

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

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47
Q

Drug class - Tolbutamide

A

First generation sulfonylureas

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48
Q

Drug class - Triamterene

A

K+ sparing diuretics

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49
Q

Drug class - Verapamil

A

Class IV antiarrhythmics

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50
Q

Drug use - Challenge test for diagnosis of asthma

A

Methacholine

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51
Q

Drug use - Motion sickness

A

Scopolamine

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52
Q

Drug use - Nasal decongestion

A

Ephedrine

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53
Q

Drug use - Reduce premature uterine contractions

A

Ritodrine

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54
Q

Drug use - Reduce urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms

A

Oxybutynin, glycopyrrolate

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55
Q

Drug use - Urinary incontinence

A

Ephedrine

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56
Q

Mechanism - Biphosphonates (-dronate)

A

Inhibit osteoclastic activity; reduce both formation and resorption of hydroxyapatite

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57
Q

Mechanism - Butorphanol

A

Partial agonist at opioid mu receptors, agonist at kappa receptors

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58
Q

Mechanism - Clopidogrel

A

Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors, preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from binding fibrinogen

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59
Q

Mechanism - Methimazole

A

Inhibit organification of iodide and coupling the thyroid hormone synthesis

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60
Q

Mechanism - Minoxidil

A

K+ channel opener - hyperpolarizes and relaxes vascular smooth muscle, used to treat severe hypertension

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61
Q

Mechanism - Sucralfate

A

Bind to ulcer base, providing physical protection, and allow HCO3- secretion to reestablish pH gradient in the mucous layer

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62
Q

Mechanism - Ticlopidine

A

Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors, preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from binding fibrinogen. May cause neutropenia.

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63
Q

Prophylaxis - Endocarditis with surgical or dental procedures

A

Penicillins

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64
Q

Prophylaxis - Gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone

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65
Q

Prophylaxis - History of recurrent UTIs

A

TMP-SMX

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66
Q

Prophylaxis - Meningococcal infection

A

Rifampin (drug of choice), minocycline

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67
Q

Prophylaxis - Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

A

Azithromycin

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68
Q

Prophylaxis - Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

TMP-SMX (drug of choice), aerosolized pentamidine

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69
Q

Prophylaxis - Syphilis

A

Benzathine penicillin G

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70
Q

Specific antidotes - Acetaminophen

A

N-acetycysteine

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71
Q

Specific antidotes - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, organophosphates

A

Atropine, pralidoxime

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72
Q

Specific antidotes - Amphetamines

A

NH4Cl (acidify urine)

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73
Q

Specific antidotes - Antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agents

A

Physostigmine salicylate

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74
Q

Specific antidotes - Benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

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75
Q

Specific antidotes - Carbon monoxide

A

100% O2, hyperbaric O2

76
Q

Specific antidotes - Copper, arsenic, gold

A

Penicillamine

77
Q

Specific antidotes - Cyanide

A

Nitrite, hydroxocobalamin, thiosulfate

78
Q

Specific antidotes - Digitalis

A

Stop dig, normalize K+, lidocaine, anti-dig Fab fragments, Mg2+

79
Q

Specific antidotes - Heparin

A

Protamine (sulfate)

80
Q

Specific antidotes - Iron

A

Deferoxamine

81
Q

Specific antidotes - Lead

A

CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine

82
Q

Specific antidotes - Mercury, arsenic, gold

A

Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer

83
Q

Specific antidotes - Methanol, ethylene glycol (antifreeze)

A

Ethanol, dialysis, fomepizole

84
Q

Specific antidotes - Methemoglobin

A

Methylene blue, vitamin C

85
Q

Specific antidotes - Opioids

A

Naloxone/naltrexone

86
Q

Specific antidotes - Salicylates

A

NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis

87
Q

Specific antidotes - TCAs

A

NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)

88
Q

Specific antidotes - Theophylline

A

β-blocker

89
Q

Specific antidotes - tPA, streptokinase

A

Aminocarproic acid

90
Q

Specific antidotes - Warfarin

A

Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma

91
Q

Specific antidotes - β-blockers

A

Glucagon

92
Q

Target - Abciximab

A

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

93
Q

Target - Adalimumab

A

TNF-α

94
Q

Target - Daclizumab

A

IL-2 receptor

95
Q

Target - Digoxin Immune Fab

A

Digoxin

96
Q

Target - Infliximab

A

TNF-α

97
Q

Target - Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)

A

CD3

98
Q

Target - Rituximab

A

CD20

99
Q

Target - Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

A

erb-B2

100
Q

Treatment - Acromegaly

A

Pituitary adenoma resection followed by octreotide administration

101
Q

Treatment - Actinomyces

A

Penicillin

102
Q

Treatment - acute ventricular arrhythmias (especially post-MI)

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

103
Q

Treatment - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Riluzole - treatment modestly lengthens survival by decreasing presynaptic glutamate release

104
Q

Treatment - Aplastic anemia

A

Withdrawal of offending agent, immunosuppressive regimens (antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine), allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, RBC and platelet transfusion, G-CSF or GM-CSF

105
Q

Treatment - Babesia

A

Quinine, clindamycin

106
Q

Treatment - Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

α1-antagonists (terazosin, tamsulosin); finasteride

107
Q

Treatment - C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis)

A

Metronidazole

108
Q

Treatment - Candida albicans

A

Nystatin for superficial infection; amphotericin B for serious systemic infection

109
Q

Treatment - Carcinoid syndrome

A

Octreotide

110
Q

Treatment - Chlamydiae

A

Azithromycin or doxycycline

111
Q

Treatment - Cluster headache

A

Sumatriptan, hyperbaric oxygen

112
Q

Treatment - Crohn’s disease

A

Corticosteroids, infliximab

113
Q

Treatment - Cryptosoridium

A

Prevention (by filtering city water supplies); no treatment

114
Q

Treatment - Cystic fibrosis

A

N-acetylcysteine to loosen mucous plugs (cleaves disulfide bonds within mucous glycoproteins)

115
Q

Treatment - Dermatomyositis

A

Steroids

116
Q

Treatment - Dextromethrophan

A

Opioids

117
Q

Treatment - Diabetes insipidus

A

Adequate fluid intake. For central DI - intranasal desmopressin (ADH analog). For nephrogenic DI - hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, or amiloride

118
Q

Treatment - Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Fluids, insulin, and K+ (to replete intracellular stores); glucose if necessary to prevent hypoglycemia

119
Q

Treatment - Diarrhea (Opioid)

A

Loperamide and diphenoxylate

120
Q

Treatment - Digitalis-induced arrhythmias

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

121
Q

Treatment - ectopic supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

122
Q

Treatment - Entamoeba histolytica

A

Metronidazole and iodoquinol

123
Q

Treatment - Essential/postural tremor

A

β-blockers

124
Q

Treatment - Gardia lamblia

A

Metronidazole

125
Q

Treatment - Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

126
Q

Treatment - Gout

A

Acute - 1. Colchicine 2. NSAIDs (e.g., indomethacin) Chronic - Allopurinol, uricosurics (e.g., probenecid)

127
Q

Treatment - Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Respiratory support is critical until recovery. Additional treatment: plasmapheresis, IV immune globulins.

128
Q

Treatment - Haemophilus influenzae

A

Treat meningitis with ceftriaxone. Rifampin prophylaxis in close contacts.

129
Q

Treatment - Helicobacter pylori

A

Treat with triple therapy (1) metronidazole, bismuth (Pepto-Bismol), and either tetracycline or amoxicillin (2) (more costly) metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin (3) PPI, clarithromycin, amoxicillin/metronidazole

130
Q

Treatment - Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Splenectomy

131
Q

Treatment - Hydatidiform mole

A

Dilatation and curettage and methotrexate

132
Q

Treatment - Hyperammonemia

A

①limit protein in diet ②Benzoate or phenylbutyrate (both of which bind amino acid and lead to excretion) may be given to ↓ ammonia levels ③Lactulose.

133
Q

Treatment - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

β-blocker or non-dihydrooyridine calcium channel blocker (e.g., verapamil)

134
Q

Treatment - In prevention of nodal arrhythmias

A

Class IV antiarrhythmics

135
Q

Treatment - Ischemic stroke

A

tPA within 3 hours

136
Q

Treatment - Lactase deficiency

A

avoid dairy products or add lactase pills to diet

137
Q

Treatment - Lead poisoning

A

Dimercaprol and EDTA 1st line of treatment. Succimer for kids.

138
Q

Treatment - Legionella pneumophila

A

Erythromycin

139
Q

Treatment - Leishmania donovani

A

Sodium stibogluconate, meglumine antimonate, pentamidine, amphotericin B

140
Q

Treatment - Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

A

Doxycycline, ceftriaxone

141
Q

Treatment - M. avium-intracellulare

A

Prophylaxis - Azithromycin Treatment - Azithromycin, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin

142
Q

Treatment - Migraine headache

A

Propranolol; NSAIDs; sumatriptan for acute migraines

143
Q

Treatment - MRSA

A

Vancomycin

144
Q

Treatment - Multiple sclerosis

A

β-interferon or immunosuppressant therapy. Symptomatic treatment for neurogenic bladder, spasticity, pain.

145
Q

Treatment - Mycobacterium leprae

A

Long-term oral dapsone; toxicity is hemolysis and methemoglobinemia. Alternate treatments include rifampin and combination of clofazimine and dapsone.

146
Q

Treatment - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Prophylaxis - Isoniazid Treatment - Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RIPE for treatment)

147
Q

Treatment - Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Tetracycline or erythromycin

148
Q

Treatment - Naegleria fowleri

A

Amphotericin has been effective for a few survivors

149
Q

Treatment - Neisseria Meningococci (Prophylaxis)

A

Rifampin

150
Q

Treatment - Nocardia

A

Sulfa

151
Q

Treatment - Osteoporosis

A

Estrogen (SERMs) and/or calcitonin; biphophonates or pulsatile PTH for severe cases. Glucocorticoids are contraindicated.

152
Q

Treatment - Pain, cough suppression (Opioid)

A

Dextromethorphan

153
Q

Treatment - Phenylketonuria

A

↓ phenylalanie (contained in aspartame, e.g., NutraSweet) and ↑ tyrosine in diet

154
Q

Treatment - Plasmodium

A

Begin with chloroquine; if resistant, use mefloquine Add primaquine for dormant forms in liver (hypnozoite)

155
Q

Treatment - Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii)

A

TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone. Start prophylaxis when CD4 drops < 200 cells/mL in HIV patients.

156
Q

Treatment - Polyarteritis nodosa

A

Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide

157
Q

Treatment - Polycyctic ovarian syndrome

A

Weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogs, clomiphene, spironolactone (to treat hirsutism), or surgery

158
Q

Treatment - Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Steroids

159
Q

Treatment - Polymyositis

A

Steroids

160
Q

Treatment - Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia)

A

IV magnesium sulfate and diazepam

161
Q

Treatment - Prolactinomas

A

Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)

162
Q

Treatment - Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Aminoglycoside plus extended-spectrum penicillin (e.g., piperacillin, ticarcillin)

163
Q

Treatment - Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

↑ intake of ketogenic nutrients (e.g., high fat content or ↑ lysine and leucine)

164
Q

Treatment - Reentrant

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

165
Q

Treatment - Rickettsiae

A

Doxycycline

166
Q

Treatment - SIADH

A

Demeclocycline or H2O restriction

167
Q

Treatment - Sickle cell anemia

A

Hydroxyurea (↑ HbF) and bone marrow transplantation

168
Q

Treatment - Sideroblastic anemia

A

Pyridoxine B6

169
Q

Treatment - Slow ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

A

Class II antiarrhythmics

170
Q

Treatment - Sporothrix schenckii

A

Itraconazole or potassium iodide

171
Q

Treatment - Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

A

Penicillin G

172
Q

Treatment - Systemic mycoses (Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Paracoccidiomycosis)

A

Fluconazole or ketonazole for local infection; amphotericin B for systemic infection

173
Q

Treatment - Tinea pedis (foot), Tinea cruris (groin), Tinea corporis (ringworm on body), Tinea capitis (head, scalp) - Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton

A

Topical azoles

174
Q

Treatment - Tinea versicolor (Malassezia furfur)

A

Topical miconazole, selenium sulfide (Selsun)

175
Q

Treatment - Torsades de pointes

A

Mg2+

176
Q

Treatment - Toxoplasma gondii

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

177
Q

Treatment - Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

178
Q

Treatment - Trypanosoma brucei (T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense)

A

Suramin for blood-borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration

179
Q

Treatment - Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Nifurtimox

180
Q

Treatment - Ulcerative colitis

A

ASA preparations (sulfasalazine), 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy

181
Q

Treatment - Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Calcium channel blockers

182
Q

Treatment - VRE

A

Linezolid and streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin)

183
Q

Treatment - Wegener’s granulomatosis

A

Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids

184
Q

Weak acids (3)

A

Phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin. Treat overdose with bicarbonate.

185
Q

Weak bases (1)

A

Amphetamines. Treat overdose with ammonium chloride, vitamin C, cranberry juice.

USMLE (12 decks)

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