One Word_Behavioral Science

Question 1

X2 (chi-square) test

Answer 1

checks difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values)

Question 2

Ways to reduce bias (4)

Answer 2

1. Blind studies (double blind is better) 2. Placebo responses 3. Crossover studies (each subject acts as own control) 4. Randomization

Question 3

Type II error (β)

Answer 3

Stating that there is not an effect of difference when one exists (to fail to reject the null hypothesis when in fact H0 is false)

Question 4

Type I error (α)

Answer 4

Stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists (to mistakenly accept the experimental hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis)

Question 5

Twin concordance study

Answer 5

Compares the frequency with which both monozygotic twins or both dizygotic twins develop a disease. Measures heritability

Question 6

Tanner stages of sexual development

Answer 6

1. Childhood 2. Pubic hair appears (adrenarche); breast enlarge 3. Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis size/length ↑ 4. Penis width ↑, darker scrotal skin, development of glans, raised areolae 5. Adult; areolae are no longer raised

Question 7

t-test

Answer 7

checks difference between the means of 2 groups

Question 8

Sleep terror disorder

Answer 8

Periods of terror with screaming in the middle of the night; most common in children; occurs during slow-wave sleep; no memory of arousal

Question 9

Sleep patterns of depressed patients (6)

Answer 9

1. ↓slow-wave sleep 2. ↓REM latency 3. ↑REM early in sleep cycle 4. ↑total REM sleep 5. Repeated nighttime awakenings 6. Early-morning awakenings (important screening question)

Question 10

Selection bias

Answer 10

nonrandom assignment to study group (e.g., Berkson’s bias)

Question 11

Sampling bias

Answer 11

subjects are not representative relative to general population; therefore, results are not generalizable

Question 12

Reportable diseases (in all states)

Answer 12

AIDS, chickenpox, gonorrhea, hepatitis A and B, measles, mumps, rubella, salmonella, shigella, syphilis, and TB

Question 13

Recall bias

Answer 13

knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects

Question 14

Pygmalion effect

Answer 14

occurs when a researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment

Question 15

Procedure bias

Answer 15

subjects in different groups are not treated the same - e.g., more attention is paid to treatment group, stimulating greater compliance

Question 16

Precision

Answer 16

1. The consistency and reproducibility of a test (reliability) 2. The absence of random variation in a test

Question 17

Power (1 - β)

Answer 17

Probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is in fact false, or the likelihood of finding a difference if one exists. It depends on: 1. Total number of end points experienced by population 2. Difference in compliance between treatment groups (differences in the mean values between groups) 3. Size of expected effect

Question 18

Positive skew

Answer 18

mean > median > mode Asymmery with tail on right

Question 19

Pathologic grief

Answer 19

includes excessively intense grief; prolonged grief lasting >2 months; or grief that is delayed, inhibited, or denied. May experience depressive symptoms, delusions, and hallucinations

Question 20

Null hypothesis (H0)

Answer 20

Hypothesis of no difference (e.g., there is no association between the disease and the risk factor in the population)

Question 21

Nonmaleficence

Answer 21

“Do no harm.” However, if the benifits of an intervention outweigh the risks, a patient may make an informed decision to proceed (most surguries fall into this category)

Question 22

Negative skew

Answer 22

mean < median < mode Asymmetry with tail on left

Question 23

Medicare

Answer 23

is available to patients >65 years of age, <65 with certain disabilities, and those with ESRD

Question 24

Medicaid

Answer 24

is federal and state health assistance for people with very low income

Question 25

Lead-time bias

Answer 25

early detection of confused with ↑ survival; seen with improved screening (natural history of disease is not changed, but early detection makes it seem as though survival ↑)

Question 26

Late-look bias

Answer 26

information gathered at an inappropriate time - e.g., using a survey to study a fatal disease (only those patients still alive will be able to answer survey)

Question 27

Kubler-Ross grief stages

Answer 27

Denial; Anger; Bargaining; Grieving (depression); Acceptance

Question 28

Justice

Answer 28

To treat persons fairly

Question 29

Informed consent legally requires

Answer 29

1. Discussion of pertinent information 2. Patient’s agreement to the plan of care 3. Freedom from coercion

Question 30

Hawthorne effect

Answer 30

occurs when the group being studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied

Question 31

Exceptions to parental consent

Answer 31

not required in emergency situations; when prescribing contraceptives; or in treatment involving STDs, medical care during pregnancy, or the management of drug addiction

Question 32

DOC: Narcolepsy

Answer 32

Treat with stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, modafinil) and sodium oxybate (GHB)

Question 33

Disease prevetion (3)

Answer 33

1-prevent disease occurrence (e.g., HPV vaccination) 2-early detection of disease (e.g., Pap smear) 3-reduce disability from disease (e.g., chemotherapy) PDR: Prevent; Detect; Reduce disability

Question 34

Cross-sectional study

Answer 34

Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease (and related risk factors) at a particular point of time. Measures Disease prevalence

Question 35

Consent for minors

Answer 35

A minor is any person <18 years of age. Parental consent must be obtained unless minor is emancipated (e.g., is married, is self-supporting, has children, or is in military)

Question 36

Confounding bias

Answer 36

occurs with 2 closely associated factors; the effect of 1 factor distorts or confuses the effect of the other

Question 37

Confidentiality

Answer 37

Confidentiality respects patient privacy and autonomy. Disclosing information to family and friends should be guided by what the patient would want. The patient may waive the right to confidentiality (e.g., insurance companies)

Question 38

Cohort study

Answer 38

Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without. Measures Relative risk (RR)

Question 39

Caution in calculating incidence

Answer 39

don’t forget that people currently with the disease, or those previously positive for it, are not considered at risk

Question 40

Case-control study

Answer 40

Compares a group of people with disease to a group without. Measures Odds Ratio (OR)

Question 41

Beneficence

Answer 41

Physicians have a special ethical (fiduciary) duty to act in the patient’s best interest. May conflict with autonomy. If the patient can make an informed decision, ultimately the patient has the right to decide

Question 42

Autonomy

Answer 42

Obligation to respect patients as individuals and to honor their preferences in medical care

Question 43

Apgar score

Answer 43

Assessment of newborn health via a 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes (Appearance, Pulse100/min, Grimace, Activity, Respiration)

Question 44

ANOVA

Answer 44

checks difference between the means of 3 or more groups

Question 45

Alternative hypothesis (H1)

Answer 45

Hypothesis that there is some difference (e.g., there is some association between the disease and the risk factor in the population)

Question 46

Adoption study

Answer 46

Compares siblings raised by biologic vs. adoptive parents. Measures heritability and influence of environmental factors

Question 47

Accuracy

Answer 47

is the trueness of test measurements (validity)

Question 48

A systematic error

Answer 48

reduced accuracy in a test

Question 49

A random error would mean …

Answer 49

reduced precision in a test