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USMLE > One Word_First Aid > Flashcards

One Word_First Aid Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Clinical presentation: “Cherry-red spot” on macula

A

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion

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2
Q

Clinical presentation: “Strawberry tongue”

A

Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome

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3
Q

Clinical presentation: “Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

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4
Q

Clinical presentation: “Worst headache of my life”

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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5
Q

Clinical presentation: Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)

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6
Q

Clinical presentation: Achilles tendon xanthoma

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

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7
Q

Clinical presentation: Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)

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8
Q

Clinical presentation: Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints

A

Marfan’s syndrome (fibrillin defect)

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9
Q

Clinical presentation: Athlete with polycythemia

A

Erythropoietin injection

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10
Q

Clinical presentation: Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

Pott’s disease (vertibral tuberculosis)

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11
Q

Clinical presentation: Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)

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12
Q

Clinical presentation: Blue sclera

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)

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13
Q

Clinical presentation: Bluish line on gingiva

A

Burton’s line (lead poisoning)

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14
Q

Clinical presentation: Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis

A

Paget’s disease of bone (↑ osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity)

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15
Q

Clinical presentation: Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing

A

Aortic regurgitation

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16
Q

Clinical presentation: Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)

A

Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas) Neurofibromatosis type II (+ bilateral acoustic neuromas)

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17
Q

Clinical presentation: Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty

A

McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)

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18
Q

Clinical presentation: Calf pseudohypertrophy

A

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne’s)

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19
Q

Clinical presentation: Chest pain, pericardial effusion / friction rub, persistent fever following MI

A

Dressler’s syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)

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20
Q

Clinical presentation: Child uses arms to stand up from squat

A

Gower’s sigh (Duchenne muscular dystrophy; X-linked recessive deleted dystrophin gene)

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21
Q

Clinical presentation: Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body

A

“Slapped cheeks” (erythema infectiosum / fifth disease: parvovirus B19)

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22
Q

Clinical presentation: Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration

A

Huntington’s disease (autosomal-dominant CAG repeat expansion)

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23
Q

Clinical presentation: Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps

A

McArdle’s disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)

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24
Q

Clinical presentation: Cold intolerance

A

Hypothyroidism

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25
Q

Clinical presentation: Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral [stroke])

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26
Q

Clinical presentation: Continuous “machinery” heart murmur

A

PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)

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27
Q

Clinical presentation: Cutaneous / dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition

A

Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Grave’s disease)

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28
Q

Clinical presentation: Dark purple skin / mouth nodules

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma (usually AIDS patients [gay men]: associated with HHV-8)

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29
Q

Clinical presentation: Deep, labored breathing / hyperventilation

A

Kussmaul breathing (diabetic keoacidosis)

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30
Q

Clinical presentation: Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

A

Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)

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31
Q

Clinical presentation: Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy

A

Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)

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32
Q

Clinical presentation: Dog or cat bite resulting in infection

A

Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)

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33
Q

Clinical presentation: Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis

A

Sjögren’s syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)

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34
Q

Clinical presentation: Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)

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35
Q

Clinical presentation: Elastic skin, hypermotility of joints

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect, usually type III)

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36
Q

Clinical presentation: Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node

A

Virchow’s node (abdominal metastasis)

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37
Q

Clinical presentation: Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatospenomegaly, atypical T cells

A

Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides

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38
Q

Clinical presentation: Facial muscle spasm upon tapping

A

Chvostek’s sign (hypocalcemia)

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39
Q

Clinical presentation: Fat, female, forty, fertile

A

Acute cholelithiasis (bile duct blockage)

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40
Q

Clinical presentation: Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash

A

Measles (Morbillivirus)

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41
Q

Clinical presentation: Fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

B symptoms (lymphoma)

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42
Q

Clinical presentation: Fevers, chills, heahache, myalgia following abtibiotic treatment for syphilis

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)

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43
Q

Clinical presentation: Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis

A

Peyronie’s disease (connective tissue disorder)

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44
Q

Clinical presentation: Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behaviour in a boy

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)

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45
Q

Clinical presentation: Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson’s disease)

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46
Q

Clinical presentation: Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction ↑ cancer risk)

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47
Q

Clinical presentation: Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms

A

Gaucher’s disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)

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48
Q

Clinical presentation: Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts

A

Alport’s syndrome (type IV collagen mutation)

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49
Q

Clinical presentation: Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau’s sign (adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung)

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50
Q

Clinical presentation: Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocilityüü

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)

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51
Q

Clinical presentation: Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn’s syndrome

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52
Q

Clinical presentation: Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia

A

“Blue bloater” (chronic bronchitis; hyperplasia of mucous cells)

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53
Q

Clinical presentation: Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum) Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

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54
Q

Clinical presentation: Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration

A

Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)

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55
Q

Clinical presentation: Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly

A

Cori’s disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)

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56
Q

Clinical presentation: Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect

A

Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18)

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57
Q

Clinical presentation: Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever

A

Charcot’s triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)

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58
Q

Clinical presentation: Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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59
Q

Clinical presentation: Large rash with bull’s-eye appearance

A

Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)

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60
Q

Clinical presentation: Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury

A

Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)

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61
Q

Clinical presentation: Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells

A

Bruton’s disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)

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62
Q

Clinical presentation: Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time

A

Glazmann’s thrombathenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)

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63
Q

Clinical presentation: Multiple colon polyps, osteomas / soft tissue tumors, impacted / supernumerary teeth

A

Gardner’s syndrome (subtype of FAP)

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64
Q

Clinical presentation: Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Wegener’s (c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture’s syndromes (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

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65
Q

Clinical presentation: Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: “waiter’s tip”)

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66
Q

Clinical presentation: No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan’s syndrome (pituitary infarction)

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67
Q

Clinical presentation: Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

Multiple sclerosis

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68
Q

Clinical presentation: Oscillating slow/fast breathing

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or ↑ intracranial pressure)

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69
Q

Clinical presentation: Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia

A

Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplama pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)

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70
Q

Clinical presentation: Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes

A

Raynaud’s syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)

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71
Q

Clinical presentation: Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles

A

Osler’s node (infective endocarditis)

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72
Q

Clinical presentation: Painless erythmatous lesions on palms and soles

A

Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)

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73
Q

Clinical presentation: Painless jaundice

A

Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct

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74
Q

Clinical presentation: Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain (childö)

A

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)

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75
Q

Clinical presentation: Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors

A

Wermer’s syndrome (MEN 1)

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76
Q

Clinical presentation: Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation

A

“Pink puffer” (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])

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77
Q

Clinical presentation: Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances

A

Fanconi’s syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)

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78
Q

Clinical presentation: Positive anterior “drawer sign”

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury

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79
Q

Clinical presentation: Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

A

Horner’s syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)

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80
Q

Clinical presentation: Pupil accommodates but doesn’t react

A

Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)

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81
Q

Clinical presentation: Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection)

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)

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82
Q

Clinical presentation: Rash on palms and soles

A

2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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83
Q

Clinical presentation: Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE

A

Job’s syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)

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84
Q

Clinical presentation: Red “currant jelly” sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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85
Q

Clinical presentation: Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs

A

Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria

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86
Q

Clinical presentation: Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola

A

Paget’s disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)

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87
Q

Clinical presentation: Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma

A

von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)

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88
Q

Clinical presentation: Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability

A

Parkinson’s disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)

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89
Q

Clinical presentation: Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form: cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance

A

Pompe’s disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)

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90
Q

Clinical presentation: Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

Roth’s spots (bacterial endocarditis)

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91
Q

Clinical presentation: Severe jaundice in neonate

A

Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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92
Q

Clinical presentation: Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s sign (appendicitis)

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93
Q

Clinical presentation: Short stature, ↑ incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia

A

Fanconi’s anemia (genetically inherited; often progresses to AML)

94
Q

Clinical presentation: Single palm crease

A

Simian crease (Down syndrome)

95
Q

Clinical presentation: Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis

A

Kartagener’s syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia)

96
Q

Clinical presentation: Skin hyperpigmentation

A

Addison’s disease (1° adrenocortical insufficiency of autoimmune or infectious etiology)

97
Q

Clinical presentation: Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys

A

Becker’s muscular dystrophy (X-linked, defective dystrophin, less severe than Duchenne’s)

98
Q

Clinical presentation: Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers

A

Koplik spots (measles)

99
Q

Clinical presentation: Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals

A

Condylomata lata (2° syphilis)

100
Q

Clinical presentation: Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails

A

Bacterial endocarditis

101
Q

Clinical presentation: Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney

A

Turner syndrome (XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)

102
Q

Clinical presentation: Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi

A

Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)

103
Q

Clinical presentation: Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin

A

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)

104
Q

Clinical presentation: Swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard’s nodes], DIP [Heberden’s nodes])

105
Q

Clinical presentation: Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrecendo)

A

Aortic valve stenosis

106
Q

Clinical presentation: Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma

A

Sipple’s syndrome (MEN 2A)

107
Q

Clinical presentation: Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape

A

Babinski’s sign (UMN lesion)

108
Q

Clinical presentation: Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead

A

Bell’s palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)

109
Q

Clinical presentation: Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male

A

Reiter’s syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)

110
Q

Clinical presentation: Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)

A

Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)

111
Q

Clinical presentation: Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis

A

Shwartzman reaction (following second exposure to endotoxin)

112
Q

Clinical presentation: Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)

113
Q

Clinical presentation: WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonepthritis

114
Q

Clinical presentation: Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy

A

Whipple’s disease (Tropheryma whippelii)

115
Q

Equation: Attributable risk

A

= [a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)]

116
Q

Equation: Cardiac output (2)

A

= rate of O2 consumption / (aterial O2 content - venous O2 content) = stroke volume × heart rate

117
Q

Equation: Clearance

A

CL = rate of elemination of drug / plasma drug concentration

118
Q

Equation: Effective renal plasma flow

A

ERPF = Upah × (V / Ppah) = Cpah

119
Q

Equation: Ejection fraction

A

= (stroke volume / end diastolic volume) × 100%

120
Q

Equation: Filtration fraction

A

= GFR / RPF

121
Q

Equation: Glomerular filtration rate (2)

A

= Uinulin × (V / Pinulin) = Cinulin = Kf × [(Pgc - Pbs) - (πgc- πbs)]

122
Q

Equation: Half life

A

t1/2 = (0.7 × Vd) / CL

123
Q

Equation: Hardy-Hasselbalch equation

A

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1 p + q = 1

124
Q

Equation: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH = pKa + log ([HCO3-]/0.03PCO2)

125
Q

Equation: Loading dose

A

LD = Cp × (Vd / F)

126
Q

Equation: Maintenance dose

A

MD = Cp × (CL / F)

127
Q

Equation: Mean arterial pressure (2)

A

= cardiac output × total peripheral resistance = 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic

128
Q

Equation: Negative predictive value

A

= TN / (TN + FN)

129
Q

Equation: Net filtration pressure

A

= [(Pc - Pi) - (πc- πi)]

130
Q

Equation: Number needed to harm

A

1/ attributable risk

131
Q

Equation: Number needed to treat

A

1/absolute risk reduction

132
Q

Equation: Physiologic dead space

A

Vd = Vt × [(PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2]

133
Q

Equation: Positive predictive value

A

= TP / (TP + FP)

134
Q

Equation: Relative risk

A

= [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]

135
Q

Equation: Renal blood flow

A

= RPF / (1 Hct)

136
Q

Equation: Resistance

A

= driving pressure / flow = [8η(viscosity) × length] / πr^4

137
Q

Equation: Sensitivity

A

= TP / (TP + FN)

138
Q

Equation: Specificity

A

= TN / (TN + FP)

139
Q

Equation: Stroke volume

A

= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

140
Q

Equation: Volume of distribution

A

Vd = amount of drug in the body / plasma drug concentration

141
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

142
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Boot-shaped” heart on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

143
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica

144
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

145
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Hair-on-end” (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray

A

β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)

146
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Honeycomb lung” on x-ray

A

Interstitial fibrosis

147
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)

148
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

149
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Onion-skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

150
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

151
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

152
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Tennis-racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

153
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

154
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Tram-track” appearance of LM

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

155
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: “Wire loop” glomerular appearance on LM

A

Lupus nephropathy

156
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

157
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)

158
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

159
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-transglutaminase / antigliadin / anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

160
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

161
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

162
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

163
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

164
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener’s; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)

165
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

166
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleed diathesis)

167
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts

A

Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia; especially the promyelocytic type)

168
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

169
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

170
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

171
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

172
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Bronchogenic apical lung tumor

A

Pancoast’s tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s syndrome)

173
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chaga’s disease (Tripanosoma cruzi)

174
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

175
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Horner Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

176
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

177
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis)

178
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

179
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

180
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

181
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

182
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl’s-eye” appearance of CMV

183
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

“Orphan Annie” eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

184
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)

185
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson’s disease)

186
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

187
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic inclusions bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

A

Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)

188
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)

189
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin’s lymphoma)

190
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

191
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

192
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Heart nodules (inflammatory)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

193
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

194
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

195
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: High level of D-dimers

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

196
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (1°TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

197
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)

198
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Hypochomic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)

199
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

200
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid / maternal serum

A

Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

201
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

202
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: ↑ chance of mesothelioma)

203
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chédiak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

204
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

205
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Lytic (“hole-punched”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

206
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Mammary gland (“blue-domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

207
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Monoclonal antibody spike

A
  1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA) 2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging) 3. Waldenström’s (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 4. Primary amyloidosis
208
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine

A

Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenström’s macroglobunemia (IgM)

209
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

210
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph

A

“String sign” (Crohn’s disease)

211
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (hyperuricemia)

212
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

213
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

214
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Podocyte fusion on EM

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

215
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

216
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer’s disease and CJD)

217
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

218
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

219
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

220
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

221
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)

222
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

223
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Sheet’s of medium-sized lymphoid cells (“starry sky” appearance on histology)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)

224
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick’s disease; progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer’s)

225
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Stacks of red blood cells

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

226
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)

227
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

228
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

229
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

230
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)

231
Q

Lab/diagnostic finding: Yellow CSF

A

Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)

USMLE (12 decks)

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